<p>The Hampden Firehouse is an historic fire station which is located in Reading, Berks County, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1887, this historic structure is a two-story, brick building which sits on a granite foundation. It was designed in the Renaissance Revival style by noted Philadelphia architect Edwin Forrest Durang (1829 – 1911), and features a double pedimented roof influenced by the Greek Revival style and round arched windows.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Mouns Jones House, also known as the Old Swede&#39;s House, is an historic, American home that is located in Douglassville, Amity Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1686, this historic structure is a -story, three-bay, stone dwelling. It measures 24 ft by 30 ft and features a brick chimney for a large, 9 ft kitchen fireplace. It is the oldest surviving house in Berks County and one of the few remaining examples of a Swedish settler&#39;s dwelling. The house was restored by the Historic Preservation Trust of Berks County. It is open to the public periodically during the year as part of the Morlatton Village historic site.</p><br>
<p>This house was built by Mans Mouce Jonasson, who was born in Kingsessing, Philadelphia on November 10, 1663 and died Amity Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania, March 29, 1727. His wife was Ingeborg Lycan (September 5, 1665 in Gunnarskog, Sweden - December 17, 1749 in Amity Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania, daughter of Peter Nilsson Lyckan. Mans Jonasson was the son of Jonas (Joens) Nilsson who was one of fifty selected soldiers accompanying Governor Printz on the Fourth Expedition to New Sweden and helped construct Fort Nya Elfsborg. He obtained his discharge in 1653, became a Freeman and married Gertrude, the daughter of Sven Gunnarsson.</p><br>
<h2>Notable Descendants</h2><br>
<p>Mans and Ingelborg&#39;s great-grandson was Colonel Abraham Bird who served as member of the House of Burgesses, and represented Dunmore County in the Fifth Virginia Convention in 1776.</p><br>
<p>Additionally, Francis Duke (November 29, 1783 in Berkley, Virginia - December 8, 1836 in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia), speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1812 to 1816 was a descendant.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The White Horse Tavern is an historic, American inn and tavern that is located in Douglassville, Amity Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>Part of the Morlatton Village historic site, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>This historic building is situated on the banks of the Schuylkill River. Originally built in 1765, it is a -story, five-bay, sandstone building with a gable roof. A -story, three-bay, addition was erected in 1780.</p><br>
<p>The building operated as an inn and tavern until 1870, when it was converted to a three-family residence. The house was obtained in 1971, and subsequently restored by the Historic Preservation Trust of Berks County.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, and is part of the Morlatton Village historic site.</p><br>
<p>Beech Grove Cemetery is a large historical cemetery and national historic district located at Muncie, Indiana. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Background information</h2><br>
<p>Beech Grove Cemetery was established in 1841 and is a municipal facility supported by a combination of private and public funding. The entrance gate, completed in 1904, was designed by architect Marshall S. Mahurin. The Gothic Revival style administration building was added in 1921–1923. It was renovated in 1974 and redecorated in 1991. The earliest mausoleum dates to 1904.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is governed by a board of directors, whose members are appointed by the Muncie City Council. The Muncie Public Library is partnered with the Beech Grove Cemetery and has an online database of all their burials. It is a part of the Muncie / Delaware County Digital Resource Library. There are over 42,000 burials.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>John Ottis Adams (1851–1927), artist</p><br>
<p>The five Ball Brothers, founders of the Ball Corporation</p><br>
<p>William J. Carson (1840−1913), Civil War Medal of Honor recipient</p><br>
<p>Congressman George W. Cromer (1856–1936)</p><br>
<p>Congressman Andrew Kennedy (1810–1847)</p><br>
<p>Anna Augusta Truitt (1837–1920), philanthropist, temperance reformer, essayist</p><br>
<p>The Triangle Diner is an American diner in Winchester, Virginia. It was built in 1948 by the Jerry O&#39;Mahony Diner Company of Elizabeth, New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>It is one of the best preserved classic diners in America, with close to 100% of the original features still intact. Key features include elaborate stainless steel ornamentation on the exterior, rounded interior ceiling with hidden lighting cove on all sides, a counter with stools and booths for patron seating, and terrazzo concrete floor. O&#39;Mahony was a significant and prolific diner manufacturing company and set high standards for diner construction quality and craftsmanship.</p><br>
<p>OMahonys work served as an inspiration for other diner manufacturers throughout the 1940s and 1950s. The Triangle Diner is an example of "Moderne architectural features" that are representative of the stainless steel prefabricated diners of the post–World War II era. The entire diner building – approximately 43 by 16 feet – was built at the O&#39;Mahony Diner Company factory in New Jersey and once fully complete was then transported by train nearly 300 miles to Winchester, Virginia. It has been at the same intersection in Winchester since it first arrived, more than 60 years ago. Diners of this design somewhat resemble and are often confused with railroad cars removed from their wheels.</p><br>
<p>The Triangle Diner was listed on the National Register of Historic Places by the USA Department of the Interior on March 31, 2010, and was added to the Virginia Landmarks Register on December 17, 2009. The building is currently closed pending the completion of a comprehensive restoration that stalled out in 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Triangle Diner is the older of only two stainless steel O’Mahony diners in Virginia. Of the more than 2,000 O&#39;Mahony diners once built, only a few dozen still remain nationwide.</p><br>
<p>Country music legend Patsy Cline worked at the diner for three years after dropping out of high school to help support her mother and siblings.</p><br>
<p>The Clarys Mountain Historic District comprises 8 acre on either side of Hammonds Mill Road east of Hedgesville, West Virginia. The district contains six mostly wood-framed houses from the late 19th and early 20th century, with a total of twelve structures, including outbuildings. The oldest house, the Thomas Payne House at Hammonds Mill Road, was built in 1879. The Ward-Lemaster House ) was built in 1905 with eclectic detailing. 627 Hammond&#39;s Mill Road was built about 1894. The Lee Lingamfelter House at 611 incorporates Eastlake detailing. The Dr. D.R. Ross House at 589 was built in 1885, and the Morris-Kilmer House is an American Foursquare from about 1920.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood lies at the foot of Potato Hill, a component of the North Mountain ridge. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 15, 2004.</p><br>
<p>The Lynnhaven House, also Wishart–Boush House, Wishart House, and Boush House, which was built circa 1725, is an example of 18th century Tidewater Virginia vernacular architecture and is located in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Although it was founded by the Thelaball family, it is sometimes referred to as the Boush House or the Wishart House. The house was given the name the Lynnhaven House due to its close proximity to the Lynnhaven River, which flows on the same property. Originally, the home, located at 4405 Wishart Road, stood on a 250-acre plantation. Now, it is located on five and a half acres.</p><br>
<p>This house reflects the social and economic status of Francis Thelaball, a middling plantation owner who built it for his family. This home provides a glimpse into the life of middle-class planter rather than a wealthy plantation owner. Francis, his wife Abigail, their five sons, an apprentice, and several enslaved people all lived in the house from 1725 to 1727. While relatively little is known about Francis and his wife Abigail, much more is known about Francis&#39;s cousin, Joyce Langley Thelaball who was born in 1694.</p><br>
<p>Architectural and design details including brick jack arches, a close-spindle staircase with teardrop pendant, and ship&#39;s lap floor construction reveal a builder concerned with quality as well as artistry. Behind the historic house lies a small cemetery with plots that date back to the American Revolutionary War. This 19th-century burial ground of the Boush family stands watch to the south of the house that the family once owned, and is why the house is sometimes referred to as the Boush House.</p><br>
<p>The house was used as a private residence until 1971 when it was purchased by Preservation Virginia (formerly known as the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities). It was under the care of Preservation Virginia before the City of Virginia Beach acquired the property. The 18th century home has had very few changes made throughout the years and is estimated to still have 85% of its original materials intact, which makes it one of the country&#39;s best-preserved buildings from that time period.</p><br>
<p>The Lynnhaven House is listed as part of the United States National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.</p><br>
<p>The Liberty Fire Company No. 5 is an historic, American fire station that is located in Reading, Berks County, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1876, this historic structure is a three-story, brick building that was designed in the Italianate style. It was originally two-stories, with the third story added in 1895. The third story and roofline is reflective of the Victorian Romanesque style. The building is now operated as the Reading Area Firefighters Museum.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Carnegie Library is a historic Carnegie library located at Muncie, Indiana, United States. The building houses the Local History & Genealogy collection and an open computer lab. The facility also provides wireless access and a meeting room for local groups to reserve. It is one of four branches that make up the Muncie Public Library System. The building was made possible through a financial donation to the City of Muncie by Andrew Carnegie to expand their library system throughout the community. The foundation for Carnegie Library was built in 1902 and the building opened to the public in 1904. It has been in continuous use as a library since its opening. The building is located in downtown Muncie at the intersection of Jackson and Jefferson.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Carnegie Library was dedicated on January 1, 1904. The library was built after a donation of $55,000 was given to the City of Muncie by Andrew Carnegie, with the goal to assist them in expanding their library system throughout the community. The library was one of the first structures in Indiana built from the funding of Andrew Carnegie, who was a major philanthropist, who supported library systems throughout the world. The plot of land where the building is located was a gift from local businessman George Spilker., the library continues to house the local history and genealogy department of the Muncie Library System.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The design and building of the library was conducted by the architectural firm of Wing and Mahurin of Fort Wayne, Indiana. The exterior structure is made of Indiana Limestone and modeled after Greek and classical architectural forms. The exterior of the building remains in its original state. The neoclassical architectural style includes a Romanesque dome located on the roof, in the central part of the library.</p><br>
<h2>Local history and genealogy</h2><br>
<p>The Carnegie Library offers a variety of resources to aid researchers in discovering local history and their ancestry. Some of the resources include: cemetery records; census records; county histories and records; court documents; directories; family histories; funeral home records; microfilm for various Muncie and Delaware County newspapers from 1837–present; obituaries; Sanborn fire insurance maps for 1883, 1887, 1889, 1892, 1902, and 1911–1950; and vital records such as marriage, birth, and death records from the 19th and 20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>The Grace Keiser Maring Library is located on the south side of Muncie, Indiana, USA. Built at 1808 South Madision Street, the library is next to Heekin Park, the largest and oldest community park in Muncie. The library was the first branch library built in the city.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Grace Maring was the wife of Joel Maring, founder of glass factories throughout Muncie. A philanthropist and advocate for education, she gave the city of Muncie $25,000 on her death to develop a public library system. In 1930, the Grace Keiser Maring Library was dedicated and began serving the south side of Muncie. The library was posted to the National Register of Historic Places on September 15, 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The library was designed by architects Herbert Smenner and Charles Houck. The architectural style is a variation of colonial revival, a popular style in the early 20th century. Built from brick and trimmed with limestone, it is the only remaining civic building of this style in Muncie.</p><br>
<p>The Emily Kimbrough Historic District is a historical neighborhood in downtown Muncie, Indiana, USA. Established as a Muncie local historical district in 1976, it was eventually added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 13, 1980. The district is bounded by Monroe, East Washington, Hackley and East Charles Streets. The boundaries were later increased to roughly East Gilbert, Beacon Street, East Charles Street and Madison Street on June 29, 1989.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The district was named after the author and journalist Emily Kimbrough, who spent much of her childhood there. Her former home, located at 715 East Washington, is still standing. Muncie and her old "East End" neighborhood are reflected in much of her writing.</p><br>
<p>Muncie became a commercial and industrial center of east central Indiana after the discovery of natural gas in 1886. Most houses in the district were built after the discovery; citizens who profited from the natural gas enterprise built many of the houses. The district soon became the neighborhood of Muncie&#39;s socially elite and prosperous citizens.</p><br>
<p>The Great Depression brought a decline in Muncie&#39;s economy, and many of the homes in the district fell into decay. The neighborhood experienced even more neglect after the end of World War II, some even being demolished. In the late 20th century, the city of Muncie began redeveloping the downtown area and also began restoring the historic neighborhood. Many homes in the district have now been renovated and restored to their original state.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The district contains several of Muncie&#39;s significant late Victorian architecture and Post-Victorian houses, many of which were designed by local architects. Many of the homes built after 1886 were more Italianate, which was a largely popular style in Indiana during the 1870s and 1880s. Styles such as Queen Anne, Free Classic, and Colonial Revival are also very popular in the neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>Contemporary significance</h2><br>
<p>The district remains a significant part of Muncie history and culture. Since 1976, the East Central Neighborhood Association in Muncie has sponsored the Old Washington Street Festival. The festival is held annually in the neighborhood, promoting the historical gas boom days and the unique architecture of the homes. The festival offers house tours of the many homes in the district.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Many of Muncie&#39;s most famous residents resided in the district.</p><br>
<p>Emily Kimbrough - author and journalist; spent much of her childhood in the district and included the neighborhood in many of her writings</p><br>
<p>C. M. Kimbrough - president of the Indiana Bridge Company</p><br>
<p>John F. Wildman - owner of Muncie Times newspaper</p><br>
<p>Charles Over - owner of Over Glass Works</p><br>
<p>Cathy Day - novelist and short story writer</p><br>
<p>The West Union School is a historic one-room school located near the village of Norwich in eastern Muskingum County, Ohio, United States. Situated along County Road 200 south of the village,</p><br>
<p>The school is a weatherboarded building, constructed on a foundation of sandstone and covered with a slate roof; additionally, it features brick details. It features a simple rectangular floor plan, measuring 35 ft long and 25 ft wide. Although now over 150 years old, the school remains in fine condition; it is believed to have been preserved better than any other extant one-room school in the area.</p><br>
<p>Classes met in the West Union School from its completion in 1858 until the fall of 1933, at which time the West Union School District united with other Union Township districts to merge with the New Concord school system. Since that time, the school has served as a community center: it has hosted events for religious groups, musicians and farmers organizations, and even a debate club. In early 1978, the West Union School was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its historically significant architecture and because of its role in local history.</p><br>
<p>West View is a historic residence in Zanesville, Ohio, United States. Built in 1890,</p><br>
<p>Richard Bonifield was a leading Zanesville physician, establishing his practice in the city in 1867. By the late 1880s, he had become sufficiently prosperous to build a house in an undeveloped area of the city. When the house was finished, it was among the first buildings along its section of Sunkel Boulevard: the land was only platted in 1913, and most development in the area occurred during the late 1910s and the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>Bonifields home features a stone foundation and a slate roof, and the walls are frame. The architecture is Queen Anne in style with many Eastlake features; the latter influences are found most clearly in the front porch, which features distinctive support columns and an ornately decorated frieze. The most significant aspect of the architecture is the houses two-story interior: aside from plumbing updates in the bathroom and kitchen, it has not been modified in more than a century. Among the leading pieces of the interior are the gold-colored oak wood panelling, which has never been painted, the artistic tiling, and the five original mantelpieces.</p><br>
<p>In 1982, West View was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture. It is one of two National Register-listed properties in the neighborhood, along with the Capt. James Boggs Tannehill House, which was also one of the few nearby buildings constructed before the neighborhood was platted.</p><br>
<p>Pipers Opera House is an historic performing arts venue in Virginia City, Storey County, Nevada, United States. Pipers served as a training facility in 1897 for heavyweight boxing champion Gentleman Jim Corbett, in preparation for his title bout with Bob Fitzsimmons. The current structure was built by entrepreneur John Piper in 1885 to replace his 1878 opera house that had burned down. The 1878 venue, in turn, had been to replace Pipers 1863 venue which was destroyed by the 1875 Great Fire in Virginia City. Mark Twain spoke from the original Pipers stage in 1866, and again a century later in the third venue, as portrayed by Hal Holbrook in his one-man play Mark Twain Tonight! A lynch mob hung a victim from the first venues rafters in 1871. American theatrical producer David Belasco was stage manager at the second opera house before moving to New York City. Pipers opera houses played host to Shakespearean thespians such as Edwin Booth. Musical performers Lilly Langtry, Al Jolson and John Philip Sousa once performed here. In 1940, Errol Flynn auctioned off historic Piper memorabilia from the opera house stage, during a live NBC broadcast that coincided with the premiere of Flynn&#39;s new movie Virginia City.</p><br>
<h2>John Piper</h2><br>
<p>German immigrant John Piper arrived in Virginia City as part of the 1860 Comstock Lode rush, after several years in San Francisco operating a liquor and seasonal fruit stand near San Francisco&#39;s theaters.</p><br>
<p>Through business acumen and a political career, Piper would become one of the richest men in 1870s Virginia City. Piper sat on the City Council in 1865, and was mayor of Virginia City in 1867.</p><br>
<p>In 1874, Piper represented Storey County in the Nevada Senate. In an effort to raise money for Storey County to pay for railroad bonds, Piper managed to get the state senate to unanimously pass a bill that became law, removing the taxation limits on bullion in the county.</p><br>
<p>As a pioneer of western combination companies, touring actors who brought plays and variety shows from an originating theater to other regional venues, Piper became one the foremost theatrical impresarios of the region. Piper utilized a chain of venues to accommodate touring companies. Among these were McKissicks Opera House in Reno and the Carson Opera House in Carson City. As early as 1867, Piper toured his Pipers Opera House company to regional theaters following a pattern established by San Franciscos Thomas Maguire and later utilized by the California Theatre. The California Theater brought their stock company and numerous established stars to Virginia City on tour through numerous engagements. By 1874, every major player at Pipers Opera House was on their to or from San Franciscos California Theatre, the Wests foremost theater. Those players included Lotta Crabtree, W.J. Florence, Agnes Booth, Dion Boucicault, and Frank Mayo.</p><br>
<p>When Piper died in San Francisco at age 63, on January 3, 1897, he had spent more than 30 years in the theater business.</p><br>
<h2>Piper&#39;s three opera houses</h2><br>
<h3>1863–1875</h3><br>
<p>An 1861 illustration by African American artist Grafton T. Brown depicts the John Piper Old Corner Bar at the southwest corner of B and Union Streets, which became the financial support of John and his brothers Henry and Joseph. In 1863, Piper expanded his holdings with the purchase of an entire block of additional property at the northwest corner of B and Union Streets, which came to be known as the multi-story Piper Business Block. The saloon lasted from 1861 to 1897 becoming one of the longest continually operating saloons in Virginia City. The second story of the building was rented out.</p><br>
<p>San Francisco theater impresario Thomas Maguire and partner John Burns opened Maguires Opera House in 1863. Opening in July 1863, the Opera House was built on imported sandstone and emulated Maguires San Francisco properties. Maguire&#39;s greatest achievement was the 29 day engagement of Adah Isaacs Menken. Adah Isaacs Menken appeared in the sensational, semi-nude character of Mazeppa, riding a live horse onstage over painted ramps simulating mountains. Piper took over the ownership of the theater in late February, 1867, leasing it to Max Walter. On October 9, 1867, Piper and his financial sponsor John William Mackay completed the sale of the theater. On October 30, 1866, Mark Twain delivered a lecture from its stage, returning on a speaking tour also in 1868. The opera house played host to Shakespearean thespians Junius Brutus Booth Jr brother of Edwin Booth, Thomas R. Keene, Lawrence Barrett and John Edward McCullough.</p><br>
<p>Through partnerships and agreements with San Franciscos California Theatre Pipers original D Street Opera House came to be recognized as one of the best American Theaters. 1868 was a banner year for theatricalities as Piper&#39;s hosted Elizabeth Crocker Bowers performing as Mrs. D. P. Bowers, the Queen of the American Stage, in a twenty-day run as well as two engagements by Charles Wheatleigh, a regional favorite well-versed in plays by Dion Boucicault, and others.</p><br>
<p>In 1871, actor McKee Rankin reportedly became a witness to an act of vigilante justice during an extended engagement at Pipers although newspapers of the time do not support his memories recorded many years later. Rankin and fellow thespian William H. Powers were at the bar next to the troupes International Hotel headquarters, when a customer named Arthur Perkins shot another customer and was jailed by the local sheriff. Two days later, on a Sunday morning, Rankin said that he witnessed the lynching of Perkins at the hands of a vigilante mob who hung Perkins from the rafters of the Piper stage. The mob also pulled out their guns and shot Perkins dangling body. A far more trustworthy source, newspaperman Alf Doten, recalled that Perkins was dragged from a jail by vigilantes who took him the old Orphir works above A street and hung him from an old mining trestle. Dotens recollections dismiss the notion that the Opera House location figured in Perkins&#39; death.</p><br>
<p>The opera house, along with most of Virginia City, burned to the ground on the morning of October 26, 1875, an event known as the Great Fire. Piper promoted shows at other venues until he was financially able to erect a new building. Actors Frank Mayo (Davy Crockett) and Joe Jefferson (Rip Van Winkle) toured the West in the late 1870s bringing their acclaimed productions to Piper&#39;s.</p><br>
<h3>1878–1883</h3><br>
<p>Piper built his new opera house for $40,000 in 1878 adjacent to his bar at B and Union streets. The new Opera House opened January 28, 1878. In May of that same year, an eight-year-old Maude Adams played the character of Adrienne Renaud in A Celebrated Case when the plays troupe performed in Virginia City. American theatrical producer David Belasco had a storied relationship with the original Pipers Opera House performing as a supporting player there in 1873 and 4. Appearing at the time of Dion Boucicault&#39;s engagement in 1874, Belasco later published sensationalized memories of that time making manager John Piper famous for his questionable management strategies. Belasco reportedly served as stage manager before moving to New York City in 1882. Minister and social reformer Henry Ward Beecher delivered his lecture of Wastes and Burdens of Society from its stage. The new opera house burned down March 13, 1883, quickly being rebuilt. The 1885 structure still stands.</p><br>
<h3>1885: current opera house</h3><br>
<p>Within days of the 1883 fire, Piper had rented Cooper&#39;s Hall and began presenting entertainment acts, raising capital to build a new opera house. Piper celebrated the opening of the currently existing opera house on March 6, 1885, with a grand ball.</p><br>
<p>Piper&#39;s new building was modernized with a dance floor, carpeting, and hanging balconies. Musical performers Lilly Langtry, John Philip Sousa, Emma Nevada and Al Jolson were among the entertainers in the historic arena.</p><br>
<p>After John Piper died in 1897, his son Edward inherited the opera house and continued its operation until his death in 1907.</p><br>
<p>During Edwards ownership, the opera house transformed from gas to electric lighting in 1900. Nevada tenor Richard Jose performed at Pipers in 1905. Heavyweight boxing champion Gentleman Jim Corbett used the venue as a training facility to prepare for his 1897 title bout with Bob Fitzsimmons.</p><br>
<p>Upon Edwards death, his brother-in-law Louis Zimmer used it as a silent movie house. The venue was also rented out for sports, community socials and civic events. The building was condemned in the 1920s. On March 16, 1940, Errol Flynn arrived in town for the premiere of his new movie Virginia City. The movies cast and crew, along with attending media outlets, gathered at the opera house for a live NBC broadcast of Flynn auctioning off historic Piper memorabilia. After the movie premiere, Zimmer operated the venue as a museum until 1960.</p><br>
<p>After Zimmers 1960 death, Pipers great-great-granddaughter Louise Zimmer Driggs opened the venue to summer chamber music concerts until 1972. Sixteen years later, Driggs daughter Carol Piper Marshall, trained in classic opera at Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, resumed management and opened the venue to entertainment once again. She died March 1, 2006. Mark Twain, as portrayed by Hal Holbrook in his one-man play Mark Twain Tonight!, trod the boards to a sold-out audience at Pipers. Tennessee Ernie Ford was another act at Pipers during this period.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>Louise Zimmer Driggs, began restoration work on the opera house in the 1960s. She sold Pipers in 1997 to the non-profit Pipers Opera House Historic Programs. Grants from the Nevada Department of Cultural Affairs, and a National Park Service Save America&#39;s Treasures grant, have enabled structural reinforcements and renovations.</p><br>
<p>The Waernicke–Hille House and Store are a pair of historic buildings located near the community of Archer&#39;s Fork in Washington County, Ohio, United States.</p><br>
<p>Architecturally, the two buildings are significantly different: the store is a frame structure, while the house is constructed of brick on a foundation of sandstone. Although it was constructed in 1864, it predates all other brick houses in Independence Township. In late 1979, the house and store were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in recognition of the important place that they occupy in architectural history and because of their connection to leading local citizens. The area designated as historic encompasses approximately 3 acre and includes three small buildings on the property in addition to the store and house.</p><br>
<p>The Three Lakes Patrol Cabin was built in 1934 in Mount Rainier National Park as a district ranger station. The log cabin was built to a standard plan designed by W.G. Carnes, Acting Chief Architect of the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Designs, supervised by Thomas Chalmers Vint. The cabin measures about 13.5 ft by 24 ft. It is a simple gable structure with a shed roof over the front door, supported by brackets. The eaves have a similar bracket detail. Log ends project prominently at the corners. It consists of a single room, unfinished apart from a wood floor.</p><br>
<p>The cabin was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 13, 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Perry Wiles Grocery Company is a historic commercial building in downtown Zanesville, Ohio, United States. Unlike many similar contemporary buildings in the city, it has survived to the present day relatively unchanged, and it has consequently been designated a historic site.</p><br>
<p>When he erected the present building in 1892, Perry Wiles was the owner of one of five grocery wholesalers active in the city of Zanesville, and he and his competitors supplied more than one hundred different individual retail-level grocery stores in the city. Finding the construction of a new building necessary in the early 1890s, Wiles arranged for the services of leading local architect Henry C. Lindsay. The resulting design is a four-story building, built of brick on a stone foundation and finished with details of stone and brick. Although it features some modern elements, such as a cast-iron storefront, the building remains an obvious example of the Romanesque Revival style of architecture. Located adjacent to the original building&#39;s southern side is a smaller addition, which was constructed in 1914.</p><br>
<p>By 1980, the Wiles Company had closed, along with all four of its competitors: these firms lost their business when their retailing customers closed, driven out of business by the advent of large supermarket chains. Since that time, the Wiles Company property has been converted into an eating establishment, Zaks Restaurant. In late 1980, the Wiles Company building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its place in local history and because of its historically significant architecture. While the headquarters of the five grocery wholesalers may not have been significantly different in their heyday, the passage of time has greatly changed their appearance: the other buildings have all been destroyed or heavily modified, leaving the Wiles Block as Zanesvilles only grocery wholesaler building that retains the appearance of a century before.</p><br>
<p>The Little Red Schoolhouse on Shaw Island, Washington was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>In 1971 it was still in use as a one-room schoolhouse.</p><br>
<p>However, a room was recently added to serve as a computer center, expanding it to two rooms. The building serves elementary and middle school students. It serves students up to eighth grade.</p><br>
<p>It is located at the corner of Hoffman Cove and Neck Point Cove Rd.</p><br>
<p>The Second Pinal County Courthouse, built in 1891, is an historic three-story redbrick courthouse located at Pinal and 12th streets in Florence, Pinal County, Arizona, United States. Designed by prominent Arizona architect James M. Creighton in the Late Victorian Revival style of architecture, it is Pinal County&#39;s second courthouse. It is topped by an ornate clock tower, but due to a lack of funds, the clockworks was never installed. Instead a clock was painted on it with the hands set at 11:44. Replaced in 1961 by another courthouse, it fell into disrepair and it was closed in 2005. In 2007 it was declared to be one of the most endangered historic buildings in Arizona. In January 2011, the county supervisors approved a plan to renovate the building and restore it to its former glory so that it could be used by the supervisors and other county entities. On August 2, 1978, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Origins of Florence</h3><br>
<p>In 1866, the town of Florence, Arizona was established. The town was formed from land patented by Levi Ruggles, who later transferred the title of the land to the Town of Florence. Ruggles was also responsible for the original planned layout of Florence. It was the fifth oldest settlement in the state. In 1868 a post office was built and in 1869 a general store.</p><br>
<p>In 1875, Pinal County was established from portions of Maricopa and Pima counties. Florence became the county seat. The first Pinal County Courthouse was constructed in 1877 and is now part of McFarland State Historic Park. It is located on the corner of Ruggles and Main streets in Florence.</p><br>
<p>On December 21, 1877, the Silver King Mine was established. The mine was operational for about 35 years and closed on May 5, 1912. The prosperity of the mine caused the establishment of the town of Pinal, located three miles southwest of present-day Superior.</p><br>
<p>In 1879 the City of Casa Grande was founded. The town, originally called Terminus, was the end of the rail line. Jere Fryer and Pauline Cushman, a Civil War Union spy, met and moved to Casa Grande. They later married and operated a hotel. Jere Fryer eventually became the Pinal County sheriff. The establishment of Casa Grande marked the beginning of rail transportation in the area.</p><br>
<p>In 1888 the “Duel at the Tunnel Saloon” took place in Florence between ex-sheriff Pete Gabriel and his ex-deputy Joe Phy. This became the most notorious gunfight in the history of Florence. Both Gabriel and Phy were shot. Gabriel recovered and lived another 10 years; however, Phy died from his wounds. The duel reportedly stemmed from jealousy over a woman.</p><br>
<h3>Construction of the Second Pinal County Courthouse</h3><br>
<p>On March 1 1890, the Pinal County Board of Supervisors (W.C. Smith, G.W. Campbell, and E.W. Childs) hired architect J.M. Creighton to design a second county courthouse. The supervisors wanted to build a structure that represented their belief in future prosperity through mining and agriculture. Contracts to build the Second Pinal County Courthouse and jail cells were awarded to A.J. Doran and T.A. Adams. The two contracts totaled $34,765, an extravagant sum for the time.</p><br>
<p>The Courthouse was completed on February 2 1891. Built in American-Victorian architecture and totaling 15,000 square feet, the building housed the offices of the Supervisors, the Recorder, the Treasurer and the Assessor. The Sheriff&#39;s Office and jail occupied the back end of the first floor. The clock tower was constructed but there was not enough money to finance the installation of working clocks. Instead, clock facings were added with the time set at 11:44.</p><br>
<p>One of the many who were tried at the 1891 Courthouse was Pearl Hart. On June 4 1899, Pearl was jailed in the courthouse for robbing a stagecoach.</p><br>
<p>On July 1 1905, J.M. Bernal completed the painting of the courthouse. The building was given two coats of paint and close inspection showed that the work was well done. The bright and finished appearance demonstrated that Mr. Bernal was a conscientious workman, even on a county contract and understood his business. He was assisted in the painting by Ygnacio Moreno. “It is seldom that a mistake is made when county contracts are given to local people and the Board of Supervisors have certainly not erred in this instance.”</p><br>
<p>In 1908 Florence was incorporated and in 1909 the Arizona Territorial Prison moved from Yuma to Florence. Today, Florence is still recognized as being the home of the Arizona State Prison.</p><br>
<p>Arizona officially became a state on February 14, 1912. By 1917, the first and only two-story additions were made to the northwest and southwest corners of the courthouse transforming the cruciform-shaped building to a “T” shape.</p><br>
<h3>Growth of Pinal County</h3><br>
<p>In 1925, Ernest W. McFarland was elected Pinal County Attorney. He served in that capacity until 1930.</p><br>
<p>Pinal County continued to grow and prosper. In 1926, the Coolidge Dam was dedicated, increasing agricultural opportunities in Pinal County. Humorist Will Rogers attended the dedication. He took one look as the Gila River was filling the storage dam and said, “If that was my lake, I’d mow it.”</p><br>
<p>In 1930 Eva Dugan received a sanity hearing in the courthouse after being convicted of murder. She was deemed sane and put to death by hanging. Her head came off during the execution. Death by hanging was immediately discontinued. She remains the only woman executed in Arizona. Ernest McFarland served as the attorney for the prosecution. In 1933 Winnie Ruth Judd received a sanity hearing in the courthouse after a double murder conviction. She was represented by McFarland. She was deemed insane and was not executed. Her trials and tribulations become a footnote in Arizona political history.</p><br>
<p>In that same year, the Works Progress Administration, (WPA) labor helped with the first of the 3 single-story additions to the courthouse. This addition expanded the northeast edge of the building.</p><br>
<p>In 1934 McFarland was elected as Pinal County Superior Court Justice. He served in this capacity until 1940. Then in 1940, McFarland was elected to the USA Senate, where he authored the “G.I. Bill”.</p><br>
<p>In 1943, the prisoners were moved out of the jail of the courthouse into a new county jail. In 1952, the Pinal County Board of Supervisors voted to tear down the cupola, as its weight was causing the building to sag. County residents protested this action and the cupola was saved.</p><br>
<p>In 1955, McFarland was elected Governor of Arizona. McFarland was chosen as the Associate Justice of Arizona Supreme Court in 1964. He was elevated to Chief Justice in 1968.</p><br>
<p>In 1961, the third Pinal County Courthouse was opened and consisted of some 30,000 square feet. The second courthouse was still in use by county offices and in 1975 a third addition was constructed and spanned the entire length of the north side of the building. Later, in 1982, the fourth addition was completed on the southeast side of the courthouse. The building which had 15,000 square feet when first constructed, was now 24,000.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration of the Courthouse</h3><br>
<p>By the late 1990s the Pinal County Board of Supervisors began researching the cost of restoring the courthouse. A building assessment report concluded that the cost of fully repairing the courthouse would be $3 million.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, the first construction grant to repair the courthouse was secured from the State Park Heritage Fund. The grant of nearly $100,000 and matching funds from Pinal County were used to repair the clock tower. In January 2003, the multi-phased rehabilitation project began, consisting of restoration of the clock tower, reinforcing the roof structure, reconstruction of the main entrance porch and restoration of some chimneys, roof dormers, exterior brick, and ornamental sheet metal items. Swan Architects, Inc. was awarded the contract. This project was completed in January 2011 at a cost of $1.3 million.</p><br>
<p>On May 19 2004, the fourth and current Pinal County Courthouse was dedicated. The five-story building, located on Jason Lopez Circle, cost $26 million and provided the county with 145,000 square feet of space. While the Second Pinal County Courthouse had one courtroom for the one county judge, the new courthouse consists of seven courtrooms for nine judges. The increase in judgeships alone shows the growth of the county over the last 130 years as does the increase of the number of county employees. Starting with less than 20 employees, Pinal County currently employs around 2,100 people.</p><br>
<p>In January 2011, the Pinal County Board of Supervisors voted unanimously to appropriate funds to make further repairs to the 1891 Second Pinal County Courthouse. On October 18, 2011, the Arizona Historical Advisory Commission (AHAC) sent a letter to Pinal County announcing that The “1891 Pinal County Courthouse Renovation” project was designated as an official Arizona Centennial Legacy Project.</p><br>
<p>On December 19 2012, a dedication and ribbon-cutting ceremony was held after a 12-month renovation project, including ridding the building of asbestos and aluminum wiring. The total renovation costs were $6 million.</p><br>
<h3>Present Day</h3><br>
<p>The main floor now includes the meeting room where the five-member Pinal County Board of Supervisors hold public meetings; its the same room that was once the jail. Interior windows at the top of the walls on the left and right side of the room still have the iron bars from the old jail, as a nod to history. The building features a main staircase; its grandiosity is one of the courthouses most defining features.</p><br>
<p>The second floor of the courthouse includes offices for the five supervisors and the County Manager, as well as the main room, which used to be the courtroom. It is now a place where special events and community gatherings are held, including weddings.</p><br>
<p>The clock facings on the tower are not functional. When the building was first completed, there was not enough money to install working clocks. Instead, clock facings made of pressed metal were installed on each side of the tower, with the hands placed at 11:44.</p><br>
<p>Seven Springs, situated on the Mehixen Swamp near the Pamunkey River in upper King William County, Virginia, is an historic home. Set in rolling farm country near the town of Manquin, the property lies within a community rich in colonial, revolutionary, and civil war history.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>The brick manor house was owned, and likely built, for Captain George Dabney I, where he served as the first commission of the peace and later sheriff in 1715. The initial acreage was one of several land grants the family received from King William III in 1701.</p><br>
<p>The manor house is believed to have been built circa 1725–1740, and remained in the Dabney family until 1802, when ownership transferred to Captain Yancey Lipscomb. In 1822, it was sold to Thomas Broaddus Puller, where it stayed within the Puller and Atkinson families until 1940.</p><br>
<h3>Restoration</h3><br>
<p>After many years of neglect, the home was purchased by H.D. Moffett in 1967, who began its restoration. Mr. Harry H. Coon and his wife Alma of Glenview, Illinois, meticulously completed the restoration with guidance from the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Today, a compound of offices, barns and carriage houses join the original manor house and caretakers house to re-create the tight, campus-style layout typical of colonial farms.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and significance</h2><br>
<p>The small, three-bay manor house is an unusual example of eighteenth-century architecture, distinguished by its lack of symmetry. Its square footprint is divided into four unequal-sized rooms on the main floor, and five fireplaces on three floors feed a central T-shaped chimney.</p><br>
<p>While the interior was renovated in the early nineteenth century, many original features still exist. These include the triple-run walnut staircase, pine floors, chair rails, and doors, which feature both HL and foliated H hinges. The brick exterior, which was constructed in both Flemish and English bond, remains largely untouched. The half-hipped roof was originally built without the current dormers, which were added on subsequent renovations. The original cedar shingles have been replaced with slate.</p><br>
<p>The home is listed on the National and Virginia State Historic Registers.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Purchased by the Hunnicutt family, of Richmond, VA, in February 2015, the estate is open to the public for the first time in its history, operating as a wedding and event venue and heritage livestock farm. The farm is home to one of the largest flocks of Hog Island sheep in America. The Hog Island sheep is not commonly used in modern agriculture, largely because of its endangered status and because more modern breeds have been bred for other characteristics, including maximum size and fleece yield. It is nevertheless considered important to preserve because of the insight it may give into American history and the traits it has that modern sheep might lack such as its toughness, foraging skill, efficient use of food, and easy lambing.</p><br>
<p>The Pioneer Woman statue is a work created by sculptor Leo Friedlander. It is located at the Texas Woman&#39;s University  in Denton, Texas, United States, and was commissioned as part of the Texas Centenary celebrations to mark the 100th anniversary of Texas Independence from Mexico. The sculpture was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2018.</p><br>
<h2>The beginning</h2><br>
<p>On June 3, 1935, the Board of Regents at TWU passed a resolution stating that it urged "the Centennial Commission of Control to allocate the sum of $30,000 for the erection of a statue to the Pioneer Women of Texas to be erected on the campus as a part of the Centennial celebration. The idea for this statue originated with this institution, and...... the erection of this statue on the campus will serve the women of the entire State, and will inspire their daughters to continued reference for the heroism and sacrifice of the pioneer women of the past who helped to make the Texas of the present."</p><br>
<p>University President L.H. Hubbard, proposed the a statue to the Centennial Commission who agreed and responded by announcing an open competition for sculptors to design the statue. However "the design of the statue, including the choice of the sculptor, the design, etc, were to be handled under the direction of the State Board of Control, and that the College had nothing whatever to do with the matter." The Board at that time had to be satisfied with recommending a site on campus where the statue would be placed.</p><br>
<p>In June 1936, the TWU Board of Regents passed a motion requesting that the Texas Centennial Commission "erect a Memorial Chapel to Pioneer Women on the campus instead of the Statue as proposed at the present time." Had either the Regents or the members of the Centennial Commission known what lay ahead they might well have agreed to this request, and as it turned out, the university did eventually get its chapel, the Little Chapel in the Woods, designed by architect O&#39;Neil Ford. First lady Eleanor Roosevelt spoke at its dedication in 1939.</p><br>
<h2>The competition</h2><br>
<p>By October 1936, plans for the statue were moving forward by "inviting a group of leading American sculptors, about 80 in number, to submit photographs of their work and from this group several sculptors are to be chosen who will be required to submit models of the proposed statue to the Centennial Commission of Control and if the first model submitted is not acceptable other models will be submitted until an accepted group is submitted." Foreshadowing if ever there was.</p><br>
<p>Among the artists who entered the competition was the Texas sculptor Waldine Tauch, who entered seven different competitions conducted by the Commission. She was to win three of them (memorials to Moses Austin, Isaac and Frances Van Zandt and First Shot Fired For Texas Independence monument) but she was not able to garner the Pioneer Woman statue. However, she was to play a part in the ensuing drama.</p><br>
<p>It is not yet clear how many plaster models were submitted, but a "jury of professionals" unanimously chose the one submitted by William Zorach, a sculptor from New York, which included not just a settler woman, or a woman and child as did Tauchs model, but the entire family: mother, father, son and daughter. And they were all nude. Nudity was seen, by some, as being appropriate for Classical, allegorical or symbolical portrayals but was unacceptable for Texas settler women. Upon learning of the commissions decision, Tauch "wasted no time telephoning and writing letters to many friends throughout the state to report the incident."</p><br>
<p>"Anguished protests from Texans swelled into a controversy dwarfing all previous ones (in Zorachs career). One astute observer noted the woman had no wedding ring.... while a chapter of the Daughters of the Republic of Texas declared it, the greatest insult that could be offered to these women who believed and practiced the virtue of modesty&#39;." Zorach wrote "The newspapers said that if a Texas pioneer had gone around in such a state of nudity he would have been strung to the nearest tree.... Gutzon Borglum was down there at the time and I was told that he said my figures looked like a bunch of apes," a remark that was widely quoted by opponents of the statue at the time.</p><br>
<p>Richard Foster Howard, then director of the Dallas Museum of Art, defended Zorach and the sculptor went so far as to revise his model so that the figures were clothed, but the damage had been done.</p><br>
<p>It did not take long for the public outcry to induce the commission to reverse its decision, to declare that there was no winner of the competition. "The commission was given quietly and without publicity to Leo Friedlander, a sculptor who had not ever entered the competition."</p><br>
<p>The statue was modeled, and then following its approval by the various committees in Texas, carved by the Piccirilli Brothers in New York City. At some point in the carving process, someone, either Friedlander or the Piccirilli carvers, became concerned that the statues right hand and her right thumb and forefinger might be too weak to be self-supporting, so a small block of marble was left to add strength. Often such aids are removed in the works final carving; they were not in this case.</p><br>
<p>For the base of the statue, the Dean of Women, Jessie H. Humphries, composed the following inscription:</p><br>
<p>"Marking a trail in a pathless wilderness pressing forward with unswerving courage she met each untried situation with a resourcefulness equal to the need. With a glad heart she brought to her frontier family her homelands cultural heritage. With delicate spiritual sensitiveness she illuminated the dullness of routine and the loneliness of isolation with beauty and with life abundant and with all she lived with casual unawareness of her value to civilization. Such was the pioneer woman. The unsung saint of the nations immortals."</p><br>
<p>On another side of the base the carvers included Leo Friedlander&#39;s name.</p><br>
<p>Years later, Zorachs statue, still without clothes, was cast in bronze and obtained by a Colorado bank. It was "discovered" in a courtyard of the banks branch in Pueblo, Colorado. Later it was moved to Denver and now (2010) resides in front of the Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center.</p><br>
<p>The Spencer Buford House is a property in Thompsons Station, Tennessee, United States, that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. The main house was built about 1813. The property is also known as Roderick, in honor of the horse Roderick, a favorite horse of Confederate cavalry and irregular forces Nathan Bedford Forrest.</p><br>
<p>It was a two-story brick side Side passage plan farmhouse built c.1820. It is unusual in Williamson County for the side passage plan. Its "doorway displays excellent Federal detailing." It was built of bricks made by slaves in kiln on the farm.</p><br>
<p>Besides the house the property included one non-contributing building. The listing was for an area of 6.4 acre.</p><br>
<p>The property was covered in a 1988 study of Williamson County historical resources.</p><br>
<p>In November 2015 the house was evaluated as having lost its historic integrity, because it had been altered with "unsympathetic" additions that subsumed much of the original house, and yet lost the interior details in the original portion retained.</p><br>
<p>It was removed from the National Register in 2015.</p><br>
<p>Lyons Garage was a building in Grand Forks, North Dakota that was built in 1929 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The 1912 building was not included in the National Register listing.</p><br>
<p>The Lyons Garage was one of two "outstanding" buildings, both one story and both "done in polychrome brick of yellow and red", that "represent the Tudor Revival",</p><br>
<p>There had been reported paranormal activity in the building, including the apparition of small man in overalls carrying an old oil can.</p><br>
<p>The property was demolished in February 2022, and was delisted from the National Register in 2023.</p><br>
<p>Long Meadow is an historic house in Carters Valley in Hawkins County, Tennessee, near Surgoinsville. It was built in 1762 and is considered to be Tennessee&#39;s oldest wooden structure. It was erected on land that its builder, William Young, had received through a royal land grant.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. The National Register listing includes the house and 6 acre of land.</p><br>
<p>The Perkiomen Bridge, originally built 1798-99 and widened in 1928, is one of the oldest stone arch bridges in the United States still in use. It crosses Perkiomen Creek near Collegeville, Pennsylvania. The bridge&#39;s six semi-circular arches cover a total of over 300 ft. The longest arch spans 76 ft. Its decorative piers and belt courses are unusual for a bridge this old. A lottery financed $20,000 of the original construction. The bridge carried the main road from Philadelphia to Reading, known at various times as the Manatawny Pike, Germantown Pike, the Philadelphia-Reading Pike, and US 422. Since the construction of the US 422 bypass, the road has been known as Ridge Pike or Old US 422.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The creek is about 150 ft wide and runs north and south near Collegeville. The road, however, runs northwest to southeast and the bridge crosses perpendicular to the creek causing a sharp turn in the road on the east side of the bridge, and a more gradual bend on the west side. As designed by John Lewis the bridge was 27 ft wide and 453 ft long including the approaches. Five arches cross the creek with the center arch 76 ft long, and the arches next to it 61 ft long. The outside arches are 30 ft long. Supporting the eastern approach is a sixth arch, 56 ft long, which is about 100 ft east of the creek.</p><br>
<p>The bridge is constructed of cut stones, but they are only laid in regular courses on the spandrels and on the top of the parapet.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was widened in 1928 by removing all the stone facing on the north side of the bridge, extending the arches 15 ft north with concrete rather than stone, and resetting the facing. This expansion added a third lane of traffic and a sidewalk on the north side. Rounded columns supporting pedestrian viewing bays were added on the north side of the piers. Shorter angular columns were added on the south side of the bridge.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area on the "Pahkehoma" Creek was purchased by William Penn from the Lenni Lenape tribe in 1684 and eventually sold to Thomas Ruyard of London. In 1699 Edward Lane bought the land from Ruyard, and the purchase was confirmed by Penn in 1701. About 1706 the first section of the Perkiomen Bridge Hotel was built on the west bank of the creek, just to the north of the current bridge site, then known as Phillips Ford. In 1728 the Lenni Lenape released their claim on land in the area for "two guns, six coats, six blankets, six duffel match coats, and four kettles," in effect selling the land again.</p><br>
<p>A second hotel was built in the area by 1770, to accommodate the traffic between Philadelphia and Reading.</p><br>
<p>Several wooden bridges, including a pontoon bridge, were built across the ford before 1797, but they were all destroyed within a few years by springtime flooding.</p><br>
<p>The Pennsylvania Legislature approved a lottery in 1797 to raise funds for the bridge, eventually raising $20,000. The bridge was completed in 1799 at a cost of $60,000, opening on November 2.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was not completely paid for, so tolls were collected for five years after its construction.</p><br>
<p>Increased road traffic followed the completion of the bridge, and with the start of regular stage coach service between Philadelphia and Reading, the hotel next to the bridge became an overnight stop marking the halfway point of the trip. Turnpikes were created from Germantown to the east end of the bridge in 1804, and from the western end of the bridge to Reading about 1816, but the trip across the bridge remained toll-free until 1867. In that year a toll booth was constructed on the western end of the bridge, and outraged residents burned it down before any tolls could be collected. In 1872 a toll booth was erected on the eastern end. This time residents obtained a court order prohibiting the collection of tolls within a mile of the bridge, then they burned down the toll booth.</p><br>
<p>Trolley tracks were laid on the south side of the bridge in 1896, eventually connecting Norristown to the south with Trappe on the north. A historical society sued to keep the tracks off the bridge, but the trolley company built the tracks without permission, presenting the court with a fait accompli. The trolleys ran until 1933.</p><br>
<p>To avoid the necessity of curved approaches, the American Automobile Association lobbied for the removal of the old bridge in 1938, to be replaced by a steel and concrete bridge. No major changes to the bridge occurred however and in the 1980s the new routing of US 422 removed much of the heavy traffic from the bridge.</p><br>
<p>A Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission marker was erected by the bridge in 1947 and the bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. The Perkiomen Bridge Hotel adjacent to the bridge was listed separately on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Collegeville Bridge Morning II.jpgMorning mist</p><br>
<p>Perkiomen PA Bridge 1799.jpgBridge in 2011</p><br>
<p>The Ringgold Gap Battlefield, in Catoosa County, Georgia, preserves the scene of the Battle of Ringgold Gap in the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>According to the National Park Service:</p><br>
<p>The site was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on March 12, 2011.</p><br>
<p>A small pocket park in Ringgold Gap commemorates the battle. A monument to soldiers from New York who sustained heavy casualties stands near Tiger Creek at the Ringgold Water Treatment Plant. A new monument in honor of Major General Patrick Cleburne and his men is located in the small pocket park. The nearby Western and Atlantic Depot still shows scars from the damage it received from artillery fire during the battle. The Ringgold Gap Battlefield was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
<p>The Black-Elliott Block is a historic commercial building in downtown Zanesville, Ohio, United States. Located along Main Street near the Muskingum County Courthouse, it was built in 1876 in the Italianate style of architecture. The partnership of Henry Elliott and Peter Black arranged for the construction of the building; it was one of several significant downtown buildings for which the pair was responsible, along with such important structures as the Clarendon Hotel. At the completion of the building, each man operated his own business inside: of the 31 ft of building front, Blacks store used 16 ft and Elliotts 15 ft. The building was built of brick on a foundation of sandstone; it also features elements of iron.</p><br>
<p>Both Black and Elliott were prominent Zanesville businessmen: the Baltimore native Elliott founded the citys Elliott Paper Company in 1885 and continued to operate it until his 1899 death, while Black led the First National Bank. From its earliest years, the building was known as the "Black Elliott" block, even in published writings shortly after Blacks 1878 death. After the two men&#39;s deaths, the most prominent tenant was the S.S. Kresge Company, which operated on the property from 1916 until 1977.</p><br>
<p>In 1979, the Black-Elliott Block was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture. Key to this designation was its exterior: no other late nineteenth-century Italianate building survives in downtown Zanesville with so few changes.</p><br>
<p>Old Baldy, also known as the Tower, is a hill located near the village of Lynch, in Boyd County, in the northern part of the state of Nebraska in the Midwestern United States. It was visited by the Lewis and Clark Expedition on their way up the Missouri River in 1804; nearby, they discovered a colony of prairie dogs, an animal previously unknown to scientists.</p><br>
<p>For its connection with Lewis and Clark, and because it has little changed since their passage in 1804, the site was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Old Baldy is located about 7 mi north of Lynch, Nebraska, and about half a mile (about a kilometer) south of the Missouri River. It is part of a line of bluffs at the southern edge of the Missouri valley; it rises an additional 70 ft above the surrounding highlands, reaching an elevation of 1,585 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The formation making up the hill is part of the Pierre Shale, deposited in the deep marine waters of the Western Interior Seaway during the Campanian and Maastrichtian ages of the late Cretaceous period, 70&ndash;80 million years ago. The Pierre consists chiefly of dark shale, but also contains chalky strata, one of which is exposed at the top of the hill. The chalk does not readily support plant growth, giving the hill its conspicuous bald appearance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>For many years before the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, Thomas Jefferson had contemplated seeking a water route from the United States to the Pacific Ocean. With the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from France, this could be done legally. Jefferson, now President of the United States, accordingly dispatched the Lewis and Clark Expedition up the Missouri River. The party was charged with following the main stem of the river to its headwaters and then finding rivers running westward from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific. They were also directed to establish peaceable relations with the indigenous peoples of the region; to note mineral and other resources; to map the major physiographic features; and to describe and collect specimens of the flora and fauna of the territory.</p><br>
<p>On May 14, 1804, the party left its winter quarters at Camp Dubois, near the confluence of the Missouri and the Mississippi River. On July 21, it reached the mouth of the Platte River; on September 4, the mouth of the Niobrara River.</p><br>
<p>On September 7, 1804, the two captains left the boats to explore the conspicuous bald hill, which they had seen from the river the day before. They climbed to the summit and measured its height as 70 ft, and its base as 300 ft.</p><br>
<p>In descending the hill, the explorers discovered a colony of prairie dogs, an animal then unknown to science, though known to French explorers. To secure specimens, Lewis and Clark summoned other members of the party from the boat. They were able to shoot one, "which was cooked for the Capts dinner", but wanted a live animal. An attempt to dig one out of its burrow proved unsuccessful: after digging 6 ft through hard clay, the men thrust a pole down the hole and discovered that they were less than halfway to the bottom. The party then attempted to flood an animal out, which also proved no small task: "we por&#39;d into one of the holes 5 barrels of water without filling it." Although they worked until nightfall, they only succeeded in flushing out and capturing a single prairie dog.</p><br>
<p>The prairie dog survived the trip up the river to the expeditions winter camp at Fort Mandan, near the mouth of the Knife River in present-day North Dakota. On April 7, 1805, the expeditions keelboat was dispatched back down the Missouri to St. Louis, carrying a collection of specimens including six living animals: a sharp-tailed grouse, four magpies, and the prairie dog. The grouse apparently died between St. Louis and New Orleans, and three of the magpies did not survive the trip from New Orleans to Baltimore. On October 4, the prairie dog and the surviving magpie were inspected by President Jefferson in Washington, D.C. They were then sent to Charles Willson Peale for his museum in Philadelphia. The prairie dog is known to have survived at least until April 1806.</p><br>
<p>As a conspicuous and recognizable landmark, Old Baldy was used by surveyors operating in this region of Nebraska and South Dakota. In particular, it was used by Lieutenant J. C. Clark (apparently unrelated to William Clark of the Lewis and Clark Expedition) in an 1860 survey to lay out the boundary of the 96,000 acre Fort Randall Military Reservation. In 1948, the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey established a triangulation station named "Lynch" atop a hill located just north of Old Baldy; the northern hill is of about the same height, but is not devoid of vegetation.</p><br>
<h2>Promotion and protection</h2><br>
<p>For communities along the Missouri River in eastern Nebraska, the 2004 bicentennial of the Lewis and Clark Expedition was an opportunity to promote tourism. It was estimated that as many as 40 million people might travel to parts of the Corps of Discovery&#39;s route in that year.</p><br>
<p>The residents of Lynch used the prairie-dog episode as a focus for tourism promotion. Although the animals are generally regarded as pests by farmers and ranchers, it was thought that the story of their discovery might draw visitors specifically to the area. To fund Lewis and Clark-related projects, the city sold stuffed fabric prairie dogs made by local volunteers and dubbed "Lynch Dawgs". A Lynch restaurateur also installed a 4 ft chainsaw sculpture of a prairie dog outside of his establishment. Tourist promotion of Old Baldy continued after the Lewis and Clark bicentennial.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, an area of about 1,082 acre including Old Baldy was placed on the National Register of Historic Places under the name "the Tower". The site was nominated for its connection to Lewis and Clark; it was noted that the surrounding prairie and burr oak woodlands were little altered since 1804. In 2005, a conservation easement was purchased covering 524 acre including the hill.</p><br>
<p>The site is on private land, but can be viewed from an overlook with an interpretive sign off a nearby county road.</p><br>
<p>Old St. Ferdinand Shrine and Historic Site is located at no. 1 rue St. Francois, Florissant, Missouri, and is owned, preserved, maintained, and protected by the non-profit organization, Friends of Old St. Ferdinand, Inc. The Shrine and Historic Site consists of four historic buildings on their original locations: the 1819 convent, 1821 church, 1840 rectory, and 1888 schoolhouse.</p><br>
<p>It was the center of St. Ferdinand Parish, and the area which became the city of Florissant was also known as the city of St. Ferdinand. (See Hanson House (Florissant, Missouri) article&#39;s sources...MRA doc)</p><br>
<p>The convent, church, and rectory may be visited for historic tours and religious pilgrimages. The schoolhouse may be used for public or private gatherings. Artifacts from virtually every era in Old St. Ferdinand&#39;s history are on display in the museum and throughout the buildings.</p><br>
<p>On July 26, 2022, Old St. Ferdinand Shrine was submerged with loads of water caused by major flooding. The historic building sustained water damage after the flooding incident.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The site represents a physical link to French and Spanish colonial times, the North American Jesuit Missions to the Native Americans as well as the home of Catholic education in the Midwest. The 1819 convent is the site of the first Catholic school between the Mississippi River and Rocky Mountains. The 1821 Church is the oldest remaining church building built between the Mississippi River and Rockies Mountains. It was the home of the region&#39;s only canonized Catholic saint, Saint Rose Philippine Duchesne.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Around 1767, just a few years after Pierre Laclede and August Chouteau established the fur-trading village of St. Louis, French plantation owners settled in an area they called "Fleurissant."</p><br>
<p>In 1782, August Chouteau named François Dunegant the "Commandant of Fleurissant" and charged him with protecting the settlement from Indian attacks. The Louisiana Territory had been ceded to Spain in 1763 and a 1788 census identified the settlement as "St. Ferdinand" with a population of 40 with seven plantations. At that time, Dunegant issued a land grant to establish a church and priest&#39;s residence.</p><br>
<p>Local carpenter, Hyacenthe Deshetres oversaw the construction of the church. In 1789, Father Bernard de Limpach, a Capuchin friar, began serving as the first pastor.</p><br>
<p>In 1818, Bishop Louis Dubourg arrived in St. Louis to establish his residence and Episcopal see. He went a long way to attract Catholic missionaries and educators to settlements throughout the territory, serving both pioneers from Europe and Native Americans. St. Ferdinand would be directly affected by DuBourg&#39;s evangelization program in the Upper Louisiana Purchase Territory. Among the religious DuBourg recruited following his ordination as bishop in 1815 was a member of the recently formed Religious of the Sacred Heart, Mother Rose Philippine Duchesne.</p><br>
<p>Duchesne established the first Catholic school for girls west of the Mississippi in St. Charles, Missouri, in 1818, then in 1819 relocated to Florissant. Later, she founded nine schools in the Louisiana Territory and received the vows of the first American women to enter religious life in the Midwest. She succeeded in getting Jesuits to settle in Florissant, and in 1840 to build a large, enduring rock building from limestone with walnut beams, the centerpiece of their St. Stanislaus Seminary until they moved away in 1971. In her last years she would be called "Quah-kah-ka-num-ad" or "Woman-who-prays-always" by members of the Patowamie tribe. Pope John Paul II canonized St. Rose Philippine Duchesne in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>The 1819 convent</h2><br>
<p>The convent was built in the Federal Style under the supervision of Father Duran, a Trappist monk who was serving as pastor. The sisters arrived in time for Christmas 1819, where Father de la Croix offered the first Mass in the chapel at midnight on December 24. The convent was the home to the Religious of the Sacred Heart and to boarding students (girls) and served as a school for both French-speaking, English-speaking, and Native American students. Many extant personal letters from Philippine Duchesne and the students provide a glimpse into the daily hardships, Catholic devotions, and personal interactions of residents of the convent. It would be the saint&#39;s home from 1819&ndash;1827 and from 1834-1840.</p><br>
<p>The first floor of the convent includes a chapel, two parlors, and a refectory (dining room). Beneath the staircase to the second floor is a small closet in which Mother Duchesne slept so she could be close to the chapel. The second floor and attic space was used as a convent community room, dormitories, a novitiate, and infirmary.</p><br>
<p>The Religious of the Sacred Heart left St. Ferdinand in 1846 and were replaced in 1847 by the Sisters of Loretto. The Sisters of Loretto convent was enlarged but the addition was removed, preserving only the original part known by St. Philippine Duchesne.</p><br>
<h2>The 1821 church</h2><br>
<p>The current church replaced the old log church in 1821. The current church is the oldest west of the Mississippi and east of the Rocky Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Mother Duchesne paid for the cornerstone of the church. Out of deference to her principal personal devotions to the Sacred Heart of Jesus and St. Francis Regis, the church was dedicated to the Sacred Heart under the invocation of St. Ferdinand III and St. Francis Regis.</p><br>
<p>For the education of boys and missionary work among the indigenous people Bishop DuBourg invited the Jesuits. Charles Van Quickenborne arrived in Florissant with a large group of Belgian novices in 1823. He was promptly put in charge of the parish. The Jesuits served there for the entire duration of the parish. Famous missionary to the Native Americans Pierre-Jean DeSmet, S.J., was ordained a priest in St. Ferdinand church in 1827.</p><br>
<p>Fr. DeSmet traveled 180,000 miles visiting almost every Native American tribe the West and crossing the Atlantic a total of nineteen times to solicit financial support from nearly every European nation. He established Catholic missions at the request of tribal chiefs and bishops. DeSmet arranged peace between warring tribes, calmed uprisings and negotiated a treaty for the USA government eventually befriending the famous chief, Sitting Bull. Even Protestant writers remarked that he was the sincerest friend to the Native Americans. Fr. DeSmet returned to St. Ferdinand regularly to minister to the parishioners, seek Mother Duchesne&#39;s help, and consult fellow Jesuits.</p><br>
<p>Bishop Joseph Rosati, the first bishop of St. Louis, consecrated the church in 1832. The church was lengthened in 1880.</p><br>
<h2>The 1840 rectory</h2><br>
<p>The rectory was home to the Jesuit priests that served St. Ferdinand. The first floor consisted of rooms for parish meetings and the second floor was the residential space for the priests.</p><br>
<h2>The 1888 schoolhouse</h2><br>
<p>A parish school was constructed in 1888 and a second floor was added in 1889.</p><br>
<h2>Historic recognition and designation as a shrine</h2><br>
<p>In 1955 Old St. Ferdinand ceased to be a parish and the boundaries were redrawn. The Friends of Old St. Ferdinand, Inc. was established in 1958 to maintain and preserve the historic structures. Fire damaged the Church and rectory in 1966 but they were completely repaired and restored.</p><br>
<p>Cardinal John Carberry, Archbishop of St. Louis, transferred all buildings and property to the Friends of Old St. Ferdinand in 1978. All four buildings were included on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 as the St. Ferdinand&#39;s Shrine Historic District. With the canonization of Mother Duchesne in 1988 the Archdiocese of St. Louis designated the historic complex as a shrine to St. Rose Philippine Duchesne.</p><br>
<p>The building at 205 DeMers Ave. is a property in Grand Forks, North Dakota that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It was destroyed by the 1997 Red River flood, and was officially delisted in 2018.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1888, but its first occupant is not known. It was later occupied by a harness-maker shop. According to Joe and Norene Roberts, the building is significant for its architecture, as "one of two early brick-veneered frame commercial buildings which represent the first generation of substantial business blocks in the city of Grand Forks."</p><br>
<p>It includes Early Commercial, vernacular, and other architecture.</p><br>
<p>The listing was for an area of less than one acre with just one contributing building.</p><br>
<p>The listing is described in the North Dakota Cultural Resources Survey document.</p><br>
<p>The property was covered in a 1981 study of Downtown Grand Forks historical resources.</p><br>
<p>The William S. Campbell House is a property in Franklin, Tennessee that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. A private residence, it is also known as Magnolia Hall and was built in 1840.</p><br>
<p>The house is of Italianate architecture, and has a cupola and a widow&#39;s walk. When listed the property included four contributing buildings. The listing is for an area of 12 acre.</p><br>
<p>It is located on TN 96 west of the downtown area.</p><br>
<p>Grace Church, formerly the Grace Episcopal Church, is a historic Carpenter Gothic style church building located in Buena Vista, Chaffee County, Colorado. Originally built as an Episcopal church in 1889 by the Lannan Brothers, its Carpenter Gothic details include board and batten siding, lancet windows and door openings and buttresses. On January 20, 1978, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. On February 7, 2007, the church received of the Colorado Historic Society&#39;s 21st Annual Stephen H. Hart Awards for its restoration of the interior and exterior of the building.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, Grace Episcopal Church and the local United Methodist congregation formed a federated congregation with the approval of their respective denominational authorities. The United Methodist Congregation now styles itself Grace United Methodist Faith Community. Each one retains its separate corporate organization while worshiping together. Services on the first and third Sundays are led by a United Methodist minister while services are the second and third Sundays are led by an Episcopal priest.</p><br>
<p>The Carlott Funseth Round Barn is a round barn in Kempton, North Dakota, United States, that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. It&#39;s one of few round barns that was still in use as a barn  and has been continuously maintained as a barn.</p><br>
<p>It was designed and built by Sven Olson and Ole Olson. The previous barn was an octagonal structure, and Sven and Ole must have decided that the round barn layout worked so well for them that they built another round barn instead of going with a conventional rectangular barn. The barn was rebuilt in 1909.</p><br>
<p>The listing is just for the barn itself and a circle going out 10 feet all around.</p><br>
<p>The Funseth barn was one of 41 evaluated in a study of North Dakota round barns. The study led to the NRHP listing of 13 barns including:</p><br>
<p>Robert Abell Round Barn, NRHP-listed</p><br>
<p>Cecil Baker Round Barn, NRHP-listed</p><br>
<p>Urbain Cote Round Barn, NRHP-listed</p><br>
<p>The Southern Railway North Avenue Yards, now repurposed as the NorthYards business park, is located just west of the railway line northwest from downtown Atlanta, south of the Marietta Street Artery neighborhood, rich in industrial history. The Yards represent a microcosm in changes in American railroads over the course of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Southern Railway Company first established the complex, as early as 1911, as a turntable rail yard. The roundhouse (1925) was once used for assembling and servicing trains and, as offsite warehouses were introduced, it was later adapted for use as a warehouse. During the 1950s and 1960s additional warehouses were built surrounding and connected to the roundhouse.</p><br>
<p>The Roundhouse at Northyards Business Park was renovated and turned into a business park in 2002 by C.D. Moody Construction and won the 2002 Atlanta Urban Design Commission&#39;s Award of Excellence.</p><br>
<p>Old Chapel, formerly known as the Old Chapel Library, is a former library on the campus of the University of Massachusetts Amherst that is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Old Chapel was originally constructed in Richardson Romanesque-style between 1884 and 1887 at a cost of $ (equivalent to $ in today&#39;s dollars), to serve as a library, museum, and assembly hall. The building was designed by Worcester architect Stephen C. Earle, and is a roughly square stone structure with a tower at its southeast corner. It is made primarily of granite, with sandstone trim and a slate roof. The tower features an open belfry with rounded arches, above which are gabled peaks with clock faces, and a diagonally set four-sided steeple at the top.</p><br>
<p>According to the school, John F. Kennedy supposedly spoke at the Chapel during his 1952 USA Senate campaign, although this has never been confirmed.</p><br>
<p>The chapel&#39;s original bell, "Old Aggie," was added in 1892, but has since been replaced by 44 carillon bells. Although the tower underwent a $1.65 million renovation in 1999, Old Chapel has been uninhabited since 1996, when the University of Massachusetts Minuteman Marching Band moved out due to unsafe conditions within the structure. Since then, a movement amongst alumni was created to further renovate the interior of the building so that the structure could be used again.</p><br>
<p>Restoration of Old Chapel began in 2015 after a 2013 campaign by Chancellor Kumble R. Subbaswamy to restore and repurpose the interior of the structure. This included a nomination by Preserve UMass to place the structure on the National Register of Historic Places, which occurred on May 11, 2015.</p><br>
<p>The Hodgen&#39;s Cemetery Mound is a Native American mound in the far eastern part of the USA state of Ohio. Located in the village of Tiltonsville along the Ohio River shoreline of Jefferson County,</p><br>
<p>During the nineteenth century, white residents of the village of Tiltonsville founded a cemetery around a small hill on the northern side of their village. A round, cone-shaped knoll with a tree growing from its top, the hill is surrounded by gravestones as old as the 1870s. At some point since that time, erosion of the hillside revealed human bones, including a skull with evidence of artificial cranial deformation. This practice was common among the prehistoric Adena culture; consequently, the bones allowed archaeologists to determine that the hill was a burial mound built by the Adena,</p><br>
<p>Although the Hodgens Cemetery Mound has never been excavated, it is a significant archaeological site — disproportionately large numbers of Adena burials with cranial deformation were societal élites who were typically buried with significant grave goods, and the intact state of the mound means that its original contents are likely to remain in their place. The mound has been disturbed by the digging of modern graves into its southwestern side, but the graves have not deformed the mounds general conical shape significantly.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, the Hodgen&#39;s Cemetery Mound was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its archaeological value in the local area. It is one of two Jefferson County archaeological sites on the Register, along with the Speedway Mound in nearby Rayland.</p><br>
<p>The Means Street Historic District in the Marietta Street Artery district of Atlanta consists of historic, mostly 19th and early 20th century warehouse and industrial buildings now converted to office space along one block of Means St. between Bankhead and Ponders Aves. Means Street was named for landowner Alexander Means and was plotted in 1869. Warehouses were built in this early industrial corridor, then known as Bellwood, along the railroad line. Mule-pulled trolleys brought workers starting in 1882, and these became electrified in 1894.</p><br>
<p>Contributing properties include:</p><br>
<p>The Roscoe–Dunaway Gardens Historic District is a rock and floral garden located south of the historic town of Roscoe in Coweta County, Georgia, and the adjacent Dunaway Gardens. Part of the district is located in Fulton County. Seventy-nine buildings and two other structures contribute to the historic district.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land that became the gardens belonged to the family of Wayne Pendleton Sewell. Sewell was an</p><br>
<p>actor and booking agent and he married the successful actress, Hetty Jane Dunaway, in 1916.</p><br>
<p>Her husband wanted to return to his familys land and Dunaway had not been keen. It was said that she was told that she could do anything at the property she wanted. Hetty Jane Dunaway spent eighteen years overseeing construction of Dunaway Gardens, a "theater-garden" on her husbands family&#39;s former plantation in rural Georgia. She employed architects and a full-time stone mason for a decade. The gardens included twelve spring-fed pools, a waterfall, sunken and hanging gardens and a thousand-seat amphitheatre. The swimming pool was created by using explosives to make a hole in granite.</p><br>
<p>Dunaway opened the new grounds in 1934 as part of a performing arts training program for performers and other theater professionals. There was a Honeymoon House where visitors could stay and the Blue Bonnet Tea Rooms served up meals. The customers included Roy Disney and Walt Disney and Tallulah Bankhead.</p><br>
<p>One local historian noted that television and improved roads, which enabled people to travel to Atlanta to eat and see shows, reduced the interest in Dunaway Gardens through the 1950s. It closed in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>A few years after Dunaways death, the gardens closed and they deteriorated under an overgrowth of kudzu and an outbreak of arson. It was purchased in 2000, restored and reopened in 2003 after the Bighams gradually uncovered the lost attractions of the former gardens, theaters and swimming pool. The family had been intrigued by their discoveries and they decided to invest more of their savings in restoring the gardens attractions.</p><br>
<p>Whittier Mill Village, originally Chattahoochee, a recognized neighborhood of Atlanta on the Upper Westside of Atlanta. It is roughly contiguous with the Whittier Mills Historic District, both locally- and NRHP-listed. The mill and the adjacent village were founded in 1895. The area is a good example of a Southern mill and village. Only remnants of the mill remain. However, the housing areas mostly have survived.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, the historic district included 98 contributing buildings, one contributing structure, and one contributing site, as well as 16 non-contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>Henry Wadsworth Longfellow is a bronze statue, by William Couper, and Thomas Ball. The statue depicts American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. It is located at the intersection of M Street and Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C., and was dedicated on May 7, 1909.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After the death of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in 1882, there were several plans to memorialize him. His bust was placed at Poets Corner in Westminster Abbey in 1884 and a statue of the poet by Franklin Simmons was unveiled in his native town of Portland, Maine, at what became known as Longfellow Square. For the statue in Washington, an association was founded to raise money for the effort, ultimately earning $21,000 by subscribers. Additionally, Congress offered another $4,000 and the site. Members of the organization included Andrew Carnegie, Henry Cabot Lodge, Charles William Eliot, Edward Everett Hale, Julia Ward Howe, and Curtis Guild. Theodore Roosevelt served as Honorary Regent. It was unveiled in 1909 by the poets granddaughter Erica Thorp in the presence of Chief Justice Melville Fuller and the United States Marine Band.</p><br>
<p>Doctor John Witherspoon is a bronze sculpture and granite pedestal which depicts John Witherspoon, a Presbyterian minister, member of Congress, and signer of the Declaration of Independence. Born in Scotland, Witherspoon immigrated to the USA in the 1760s and later became president of the College of New Jersey . He strongly supported the Thirteen Colonies in their fight to obtain freedom from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.</p><br>
<p>Witherspoon served in the Second Continental Congress and, after the American Revolutionary War ended, in the USA Congress. He was the only reverend who served in Congress at that time. In 1792, Witherspoon lost his eye sight after an infection and died two years later. It wasn&#39;t until over 100 years later that plans were made to erect a statue of Witherspoon in Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<p>Members of the Church of the Covenant (now known as National Presbyterian Church) and other Presbyterians formed the Witherspoon Memorial Association in 1907. After raising enough funds for the memorial, they lobbied members of Congress for permission to erect the memorial on public land. The joint resolution passed in 1908. By that time, sculptor William CouperJ had begun working on the statue. The following year the memorial was dedicated. Prominent attendees at the event included future president Woodrow Wilson, Vice President James S. Sherman, former Secretary of State John W. Foster, and British Ambassador James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce.</p><br>
<p>The memorial is located at the intersection of 18th Street NW, Connecticut Avenue, and N Street NW, in the Dupont Circle neighborhood. The statue is bronze and depicts Witherspoon holding a Bible. On one of the memorials pedestal is a quote from Witherspoon. When the Church of the Covenant was razed in 1966, church members wanted the statue moved to its new location, but the government denied their request. The memorial is one of fourteen American Revolution Statuary collectively listed on the National Register of Historic Places and the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites. The memorial is also a contributing property to the Dupont Circle Historic District and the LEnfant Plan.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Biography</h3><br>
<p>John Witherspoon (1722–1794) was born in Scotland and immigrated to the Thirteen Colonies in the 1760s, at the urging of Benjamin Rush and Richard Stockton. Witherspoon was a Presbyterian and dedicated his life to helping the denomination. He served as president of the College of New Jersey, now known as Princeton University, from 1768 until his death.</p><br>
<p>In 1794, Witherspoon became active in the movement for independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. During the American Revolution, Witherspoon was deeply involved to the cause. He led the movement to remove William Franklin, son of Benjamin Franklin, from office as the Colonial Governor of New Jersey. He served in the Second Continental Congress and signed the Declaration of Independence.</p><br>
<p>He returned to the College of New Jersey after the American Revolutionary War had concluded, in order to restore the prestige of the college. He was an adamant supporter of the 1787 drafting of the USA Constitution. He played a large role in unifying various Presbyterian groups to become the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America. Witherspoon served in the Second Continental Congress and USA Congress from June 1777 until November 1784, and was the only minister serving at the time.</p><br>
<p>According to historian James Moore Goode, Witherspoon "was highly respected by his colleagues for his unfaltering devotion to independence and to the unifying of the colonies into one nation possessing a strong central government." Witherspoon lost his sight after an eye infection in 1792 and died two years later at his house, Tusculum.</p><br>
<h3>Artist</h3><br>
<p>William Couper was commissioned to create the statue. He sculpted a statue of Flora for the World&#39;s Columbian Exposition in 1893 and the Pan-American Exposition in 1901.</p><br>
<h3>Memorial</h3><br>
<h4>Planning</h4><br>
<p>In 1907, the Witherspoon Memorial Association (WMA) was formed to raise funds for a memorial to Witherspoon in Washington, D.C. At the time, there were no sculptures of signers of the Declaration of Independence in the nations capital. Many public land lots throughout the city were being filled with statues and memorials, so members of the Church of the Covenant (later named the National Presbyterian Church) lobbied members of Congress to support the erection of the memorial to Witherspoon. After funding was raised by church members and members of the public, Congress passed the joint resolution on May 27, 1908, for the memorials erection on public land. Congress also agreed to provide the WMA with $4,000 for the statue&#39;s pedestal.</p><br>
<h4>Dedication</h4><br>
<p>The dedication ceremony occurred on May 20, 1909. Amongst the attendees were former Secretary of State John W. Foster, Presbyterians from around the country, foreign diplomats, and around 200 descendants of Witherspoon. The unveiling was done by descendant Williams Banks Withers, a seven-year old. Before the unveiling took place, the dedication ceremony occurred inside the Church of the Covenant. The invocation was given by another descendant, Dr. Jere Witherspoon, a reverend from Richmond. The benediction was then given by descendant Reverence David A. Wood of Gettysburg.</p><br>
<p>A speech was made by British Ambassador James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce, who lived in the British Embassy across the street. Some thought it ironic that Witherspoon would be praised by a man who represented the country the USA defeated for independence. A fellow president of Princeton University and future USA president, Woodrow Wilson, then spoke about the life and contributions of Witherspoon. Vice President James S. Sherman then gave brief remarks followed by Commissioner MacFarland, secretary of the WMA, who presented the statue to Washingtonians.</p><br>
<h4>Later history</h4><br>
<p>After the Church of the Covenant was razed in 1966, members of the church wanted the statue to be moved to its new location on Nebraska Avenue NW. Since the memorial is on federal land, church members were told it would require an Act of Congress to approve its relocation.</p><br>
<p>On July 14, 1978, a group of fourteen American Revolution Statuary, including the Witherspoon memorial, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The following year on March 3, 1979, the group of statues was added to the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites. When the boundaries of the Dupont Circle Historic District were expanded on February 6, 1985, it included the memorial as being a contributing property to the historic district. On April 24, 1997, the memorial was listed as a contributing property to the L&#39;Enfant Plan.</p><br>
<h2>Location and design</h2><br>
<p>The Witherspoon memorial is located on Reservation 150A, in a small plot of land at the intersection of 18th Street NW, Connecticut Avenue, and N Street NW, in the Dupont Circle neighborhood. The memorial was originally near the façade of the Church of the Covenant. It was moved to a nearby triangular plot when the Church of the Covenant was razed in 1966.</p><br>
<p>The bronze statue of Witherspoon, measuring approximately 8-feet (2.4 m) tall, stands on a 9-foot (2.7 m) pedestal made of Stoney Creek granite. Witherspoon is depicted with colonial era clothing, including a long coat and vest. His right leg is further out than the rest of his body and his right hand is holding a copy of the Bible. His cloak is lying on a pedestal behind him. His hair is tucked behind his ears. The pedestal is a stepped stone base. There is a plaque on the south (front) and north sides of the memorial.</p><br>
<p>The inscriptions on the memorial are the following:</p><br>
<p>(base of statue, west side)</p><br>
<p>Wm Couper, New York</p><br>
<p>(base of statue, east side)</p><br>
<p>Roman Bronze works, NY</p><br>
<p>(south side)</p><br>
<p>1722</p><br>
<p>SCOTLAND</p><br>
<p>JOHN</p><br>
<p>WITHERSPOONPRINCETON</p><br>
<p>1794</p><br>
<p>(west side)</p><br>
<p>SIGNER OF</p><br>
<p>DECLARATION</p><br>
<p>OF INDEPENDENCE</p><br>
<p>(east side)</p><br>
<p>PRESBYTERIAN</p><br>
<p>MINISTER</p><br>
<p>(north side)</p><br>
<p>FOR MY OWN PART, OF PROPERTY</p><br>
<p>I HAVE SOME, OF REPUTATION MORE</p><br>
<p>THAT REPUTATION IS STAKED,</p><br>
<p>THAT PROPERTY IS PLEDGED ON</p><br>
<p>THE ISSUE OF THIS CONTEST AND</p><br>
<p>ALTHOUGH THESE GRAY HAIRS MUST</p><br>
<p>SOON DESCEND IN THE SEPUL-</p><br>
<p>CHRE, I WOULD INFINITELY RATHER</p><br>
<p>THAT THEY DESCEND THITHER BY</p><br>
<p>THE HAND OF THE EXECUTIONER</p><br>
<p>THAN DESERT AT THIS CRISIS THE</p><br>
<p>SACRED CAUSE OF MY COUNTRY</p><br>
<p>The John M. Winstead Houses, also known as Pleasant Hill, are three antebellum houses in Brentwood, Tennessee that were together listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>A 1988 study of Williamson County historic resources lists two buildings, each named John Winstead House, that are designated as county historic resources WM-107 and WM-108.</p><br>
<p>The house designated WM-108 comprises two log structures. The first was built as a single log pen home around 1800 by John Winstead, Sr., who was one of the first white settlers in the Williamson County area, having arrived in 1799. Around 1820, by which time Winstead had extensive land holdings and owned 10 slaves, he built a second single pen log cabin, oriented diagonally to the first cabin. Winstead, Sr., died in 1822, and his family continued to live on the property. Around 1870 the two cabins were connected by a framed-in structure. Similar construction is found in the Lamb-Stephens House and the Abram Glenn House.</p><br>
<p>The house designated WM-107, now known as Pleasant Hill Mansion, was built near the cabins by John M. Winstead, Jr., who by then owned about 450 acre of farmland. It is a two-story brick central passage I-frame home that was started in 1855 and took three years to complete. It has a central-bay entrance with Greek Revival detailing, including a two-story portico with square columns topped by capitals with Doric motifs. John Winstead, Jr., lived in this home until his death in 1896, after which ownership of the home passed to a related family named Edmondson. The house is now used as the clubhouse of the Governors Club golf course. It is similar in design to the James J. Sayers House (deemed National Register-eligible but not listed due to owner objection), and the National Register-listed John Seward House, Newton Jordan House, and Thomas Holt House.</p><br>
<p>When listed on the National Register, the property included three contributing buildings and three other contributing structures on an area of 10.5 acre.</p><br>
<p>The McCurdy Hotel is a historic building in the Riverfront District of Evansville, Indiana. It was designed by architect Henry Ziegler Dietz and built in 1916–1917 in the Colonial Revival style. The McCurdy was constructed on the former site of the St. George Hotel, which was razed in 1915. It opened for business on June 17, 1917, and closed on March 16, 1969, due to bankruptcy. In Spring 2017, the McCurdy Hotel building was reopened as redeveloped apartments.</p><br>
<p>President Harry Truman stayed at the McCurdy while conducting a campaign stop in Evansville during the 1948 United States presidential election.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Burnet County Courthouse is an historic courthouse located in Burnet, Burnet County, Texas, United States. The Moderne style building was constructed in part with Works Progress Administration funds and is the third building to serve as the Burnet County Courthouse. Lewis Milton Wirtz of Columbus designed the structure. It was completed August 1, 1937 at a cost of approximately $135,000.</p><br>
<p>The first Burnet County Courthouse was a one-story frame building containing a courtroom, a jail and offices. In 1874, the courthouse, located on the southwestern corner of the present courthouse square, burned down. The second courthouse was constructed of limestone in 1875 and also housed a jail. When the 1875 courthouse fell into disrepair, the county decided to build a new courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The need for a new courthouse had long been evident in Burnett County, with various county offices having to be housed outside the courthouse due to space constraints.</p><br>
<p>The need for a new courthouse came to the forefront in 1934. In June of that year, a report of the Burnet County Grand Jury found that "the Tax Assessor and the Tax Collector are without a vault to protect the records of their offices," and noted that a fire could destroy valuable records. The grand jury recommended, since the two offices were set to be combined in to one in 1935, moving a men&#39;s restroom in the courthouse to accommodate the need for larger office space. In December of that year, Burnet Mayor W.C. Galloway proposed using government match-funding programs to construct a new courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The last week of November, 1935, the Works Progress Administration announced that $74,000 had been allocated for the construction of a new courthouse and jail repairs in Burnett County.</p><br>
<p>Because the courthouse was proposed as a Works Project Administration project, the local government of Burnet County was required to bear a portion of the costs. The county was required to come up with $74,000 to match with federal funds of $61,000. In order to raise these funds, the Burnet County Commissioners Court voted to hold an election to allow voters to decide if the county should sell bonds to come up with its portion of the funds necessary for the courthouse project. It was projected that the additional five-cent maintenance tax required to pay off the bonds would cost a property owner with $1,000 worth of property an additional fifty cents per year in taxes. The Burnett Bulletin editorialized in favor of the bonds.</p><br>
<p>The bond election for voters to approve $74,000 in bonds to be matched with federal funding of $61,000 for a total of $135,000 to build the new courthouse was conducted December 21, 1935.</p><br>
<p>The bond election passed by 81 votes, 401-320. 721 votes were cast. The box for the city of Burnett voted in favor of the bonds 236-30.</p><br>
<p>County offices moved out of the old courthouse, and crews began tearing it down during the week of February 13, 1936.</p><br>
<p>County Judge O.B. Zimmerman received the first installment check of $33,750 from the federal government for the courthouse project the week of April 2, 1936.</p><br>
<p>Southern Office Furniture Company was awarded an $8,49.53 bid to outfit the courthouse with furniture and equipment in early February, 1937.</p><br>
<p>The current Burnet County Courthouse is two-story and finished in polished pink granite veneer with scenes of Burnet County history and commerce etched in panels. The pink granite is the same material that was used on the Texas State Capitol.</p><br>
<p>An addition designed by Willis Environmental Engineering of Marble Falls was constructed on the rear of the courthouse in 1974. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 15, 2000.</p><br>
<p>Winstead House is a historic Italianate house in Franklin, Tennessee built c.1870 that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 together with 3.7 acre of land. It is also a contributing property in the Franklin Historic District.</p><br>
<p>It was built by William O&#39;Neal Perkins on the foundation of a former house, the McNutt House, which burned c.1865. Perkins used brick and stone materials from a building on the court square, Public Office, which he had bought and demolished. It is a two-story, five bay house. Its foundation, water table, and quoins are stone; the brick walls are laid in American common bond. It has a massive ornate cornice supported by heavy paired brackets.</p><br>
<p>It was owned by Asa Hickman Jewell, II and his wife, Margaret Loring Jewell.</p><br>
<p>It is now the administration building for the O&#39;More College of Design.</p><br>
<p>The historical buildings and structures of Grand Teton National Park include a variety of buildings and built remains that pre-date the establishment of Grand Teton National Park, together with facilities built by the National Park Service to serve park visitors. Many of these places and structures have been placed on the National Register of Historic Places. The pre-Park Service structures include homestead cabins from the earliest settlement of Jackson Hole, working ranches that once covered the valley floor, and dude ranches or guest ranches that catered to the tourist trade that grew up in the 1920s and 1930s, before the park was expanded to encompass nearly all of Jackson Hole. Many of these were incorporated into the park to serve as Park Service personnel housing, or were razed to restore the landscape to a natural appearance. Others continued to function as inholdings under a life estate in which their former owners could continue to use and occupy the property until their death. Other buildings, built in the mountains after the initial establishment of the park in 1929, or in the valley after the park was expanded in 1950, were built by the Park Service to serve park visitors, frequently employing the National Park Service Rustic style of design.</p><br>
<h2>Homesteads</h2><br>
<p>The earliest remaining built object in Grand Teton National Park is a diversion ditch, now known as Mining Ditch, which carried water in the vicinity of Schwabacher&#39;s Landing for prospecting activities. Dug around 1871-72, the ditch lent its name to nearby Ditch Creek. The prospectors left no other trace in Jackson Hole.</p><br>
<p>The valleys first permanent settlers did not arrive until 1884, when John Holland and John Carnes claimed a homestead to the north of Jackson, of which no trace remains. The Cunningham Cabin is the earliest remaining relic of settlement in the northern portion of Jackson Hole. William D. Menor established Menors Ferry across the Snake River in 1892, homesteading the lands on the western bank of the river, and operating the ferry until a bridge was built in 1927.</p><br>
<p>The Luther Taylor Cabins near Kelly were built beginning in 1916. The cabins were featured in the 1953 Western movie Shane.</p><br>
<p>The Manges Cabin was built by James Manges, the second homesteader after Bill Menor to settle on the west side of the Snake. Manges&#39; operation grew to become a working ranch, later the Elbo Dude Ranch, which featured a racetrack and rodeo grounds. The perceived blight of the Elbo development, so close to the mountains, led Struthers Burt and other local citizens to consider strategies for land preservation in the valley in the 1920s. The Elbo was acquired by the Park Service in 1956, and after some time as employee lodging, was gradually demolished to allow the site to return to its natural state. The Manges Cabin is the only remnant.</p><br>
<p>Homestead buildings were crude, using hewn timber harvested locally and resting on minimal foundations, excavation being difficult in the valley&#39;s stony soil. Log construction was employed almost universally, given the absence of local sawmills. This rustic local construction practice was to make a return as the economic focus of the valley shifted from agricultural development to tourism.</p><br>
<h2>Working ranches</h2><br>
<p>With the advent of large-scale ranches worked by extended families with staffs of cowboys, wranglers and hired help, Jackson Hole saw the construction of planned complexes of buildings, as opposed to ad hoc assemblages of sheds and cabins. The new structures used milled lumber and typical western carpentry details in keeping with Wyoming construction practices. The working ranches moved away from rustic design, reflecting a maturing social order in the newly populated valley, which by 1909 had three sawmills to provide sawn lumber.</p><br>
<p>One of the earliest ranchers was Josiah David Ferrin, also known as "Uncle Si," who became a successful cattle rancher selling beef to crews building Jackson Lake Dam. The Elk Ranch at its height had 2000 cattle on 400 acre near Moran. Ferrin sold the property to the Snake River Land Company in 1928.</p><br>
<p>In the first decade of the 20th century, Mormon settlers established a farming community in the Antelope Flats area of Jackson Hole. Becoming known as Mormon Row, the settlement extends as a line of farms, or "line village," along the former Jackson-Moran Road, with irrigated farmsteads running perpendicular to the road. The six homestead complexes once covered the area between the Gros Ventre River and Blacktail Butte. Individual farms included the Andy Chambers, John Moulton and T.A. Moulton homesteads. The Andy Chambers Ranch is the most complete of the surviving ranches.</p><br>
<p>The Hunter Hereford Ranch was a 1909 homestead on the eastern side of Jackson Hole that became a hobby ranch for William and Eileen Hunter in the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>Joe Pfeifer, a former miner from Butte, Montana, established a homestead near Mormon Row in November 1910. The homestead&#39;s well-preserved remains were burned in a 1994 brush fire, but were documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1979 and 1992.</p><br>
<p>Geraldine Lucas arrived in Jackson Hole following her 1912 retirement from teaching in New York at the age of 47. She built a cabin in 1912, eventually amassing several hundred acres of lands and becoming a significant opponent of the Rockefeller-backed Snake River Land Company. However, following Lucas&#39; death, the Lucas property was acquired in 1944 by the Snake River Land Company and was used as the residence for its general manager, whose life estate ran until 1975, after which it was turned over to the Park Service.</p><br>
<h2>Dude ranches and guest ranches</h2><br>
<h3>Dude ranches</h3><br>
<p>The first dude ranch in Jackson Hole was the JY Ranch, which was converted from a working ranch. It became the property of the Rockefeller family when the Rockefellers started acquiring land in Jackson Hole, remaining an inholding as the family gradually donated portions to the Park Service. The final portion of the JY became the Laurance S. Rockefeller Preserve in Grand Teton National Park in 2008. The Bar B C Dude Ranch was the first dude ranch in Jackson Hole to be conceived as a dude ranch from its inception. Established in 1912, it strongly influenced later dude ranch development and had a significant role in the development of tourism in Jackson Hole. The Bar BC owed much of its success to its co-owner, author Struthers Burt, who had started the JY and who published Diary of a Dude Wrangler in the Saturday Evening Post in 1924. The White Grass Dude Ranch was established in 1913, when George Tucker Bispham, a former Bar B C employee, and Harold Hammond consolidated their adjoining working ranches right at the foot of the Tetons. The White Grass inholding operated as a dude ranch until 1985, when its life estate expired, the longest-active dude ranch in the valley. After a period of abandonment and deterioration, the White Grass was rehabilitated as the Western Center for Historic Preservation in a joint venture between the National Trust for Historic Preservation and the National Park Service. The Double Diamond Dude Ranch was started in 1924 by Joseph Clark and Fran William, initially catering primarily to boys from Eastern families. While most of its buildings were destroyed by a wildfire in 1985, the ranch&#39;s 1945 dining hall survives. The area is now known as the Climbers Ranch, used as a base camp for mountain climbers.</p><br>
<p>The Flying V Ranch was established in 1921 as a dude ranch, but was sold in 1935 to Gustav Koven and Paul Petzoldt, who intended to operate the ranch as a climbing school. After changing the name to the Ramshorn Dude Ranch, the partnership fell apart. After acquisition by the Park Service in 1956 the Ramshorn was operated as a concession under the Elbo Ranch name, which had been displaced from its previous location at the foot of the mountains when the original Elbo-Manges ranch was purchased and used for Park Service personnel housing. The Ramshorn now houses the Teton Science School. Another 1920s establishment was Leeks Lodge on upper Jackson Lake, close to the AMK, which continued to operate as a concession associated with the Signal Mountain Lodge into the 1970s. Although the Park Service had removed most of the buildings, the main lodge stood until 1998, when it was destroyed by fire, leaving only the lodges chimney standing. The original Jackson Lake Lodge was established nearby by Eugene Amoretti, and featured the first hot and cold running water in the valley. It was replaced by the present Jackson Lake Lodge in 1955.</p><br>
<p>The Triangle X Ranch was established in 1926 on the east side of Jackson Hole and is the last dude ranch operating in the park. The Turner family was from Utah, and after failing to grow potatoes, took to guiding hunting trips. The Triangle X operated both as outfitters and as dude ranchers.</p><br>
<p>The STS Dude Ranch was established by Buster and Frances Ester on the west bank of the Snake River a little south of Menor&#39;s Ferry in 1921. The unprofitable operation was purchased by conservationists Olaus Murie, his wife Margaret (Mardie) Murie and scientist Adolph Murie and his wife Louise. Adolph and Louise lived in the original ranch complex, while Olaus and Mardie lived in a house they built nearby on the property. The Murie Ranch hosted some of the first meetings of The Wilderness Society in the 1950s. The Murie Ranch was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2006, and is operated as the Murie Center conference facility by the National Park Service.</p><br>
<h3>Vacation houses</h3><br>
<p>Other ranches took the form of rustic family retreats, rather than as guest ranches. The 4 Lazy F Dude Ranch was started as a working ranch in 1914 by Philadelphian Bryant Mears, who called it the Sun Star. The Mears family sold it to William Frew, a dude from Pittsburgh, who renamed it the 4 Lazy F for the "four lazy Frews." The Frews operated the ranch as both a family retreat and as a dude ranch for a few selected guests. It remains in the Frew family as a life estate inholding. The AMK Ranch, established in the 1920s on the east side of Jackson Lake, was a personal retreat for William Johnson of The Hoover Company. Alfred Berolzheimer of the Eagle (later Berol) pencil company bought the ranch in 1936, greatly expanding it in a high-rustic style. The Brinkerhoff, on the shore of Jackson Lake near Signal Mountain, was a pure vacation lodge, built in 1946 by oil executive Zach Brinkerhoff and furnished with Thomas C. Molesworth furniture. The Sky Ranch at the outlet of Death Canyon was established in 1953 as a summer retreat for the Balderston family, close to the White Grass ranch. William Balderston had been a surveyor and photographer for the Jackson Lake Dam project in 1914, going on to eventually become the president of the Philco Corporation. The Balderston family were regular guests at the White Grass, and friends of the Muries. They bought 13.66 acre of White Grass property from Frank Galey in 1952. Balderston hired Philadelphia architect John Arnold Bower to design a small group of cabins, a barn and support structures.</p><br>
<p>Retired politician John Hogan bought a homestead on the east side of the park in 1926 for use as a guest ranch and fox farm. In 1930 the ranch was purchased by the Snake River Land Company and was its headquarters while the Rockefeller-owned company was assembling lands in Jackson Hole for donation to the Park Service. The main house was occupied by SRLC manager Harold Fabian and his wife Josephine until 1945, when they moved to the Geraldine Lucas homestead on the other side of the valley. Donated as part of the SRLC lands in the 1950s, the house was used as a dormitory by the Park Service for a time.</p><br>
<p>Other significant extant vacation homes, dude ranches and small working ranches include Dick and Ethel Reimer House, built in 1938 between Moose and Mormon Row at the end of Blacktail Butte, and the McCollister residential complex farther to the east on Antelope Flats Road. Paul W. McCollister was the primary developer of Teton Village. The McCollister compound was built and expanded between 1953 and 1987. The Aspen Ridge Ranch, in the same area, is a complex of modest log residential and agricultural buildings, built in 1910 and expanded in 1946. The Wolff Ranch, located farther north near Moran, is small dude ranch complex established in the 1940s by Stippy Wolff and Frank Allen.</p><br>
<h3>Tourist camps</h3><br>
<p>In the 1930s increasing numbers of visitors began to arrive in the park by automobile, and accommodations were developed to suit the new, more transient tourists. The Kimmel Kabins, established in 1937 by J.D. and Lura Kimmel, are the last example of as many as twelve similar motor court-type lodgings in the park. Its remaining structures are used to house Park Service personnel. Harry and Elizabeth Sensenbach were earlier pioneers in this market, opening their homestead in front of the Cathedral Group to automobile tourists. The Sensenbach operation was bought in 1946 by Charles Byron, Jeanne Jenkins and Gloria Jenkins Wardell, who expanded the operation as the Highlands guest ranch. The Highlands was acquired by the Park Service in 1972 and used for employee housing. The Signal Mountain Lodge was one of several ventures by the Wort family, starting in the 1920s as Ole Warner&#39;s fishing camp. The Worts developed the property after they purchased it in 1931, adding cabins and a small lodge. They sold the camp in 1940, when it acquired its present name. Apart from a few cabins, most of the resort is of relatively recent construction.</p><br>
<p>Jimmy Manges, whose old ranch became the first Elbo Ranch, had built a cabin on his remaining land near the Double Diamond in 1926. He gradually created a guest camp on the property, calling it the X Quarter Circle X. The camp expanded to twenty cabins by the 1940s, when his nephew Irwin Lesher and Irwins wife Marvel took over management and improved the camps standard of hygiene. The Leshers continued to manage the camp after Jimmy&#39;s death in 1960 until Lesher sold out to the Park Service in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The 1925 Chapel of the Transfiguration catered to the tourist trade. Built and owned by St. Johns Episcopal Church, the chapel was built near Menors Ferry, in an area that became known as Moose. The grounds and church interior focus on the Cathedral Group of peaks, all in a consciously rustic style that emphasizes the natural environment over the built environment. The Chapel of the Sacred Heart was built in similar rustic style near Signal Mountain by the Our Lady of the Mountains Catholic Church of Jackson in 1958.</p><br>
<p>The dude ranches and guest ranches were overwhelmingly rustic in style, representing a return to log construction and deliberately "Western"-looking details, as a way of appealing to eastern dudes looking for an informal retreat reminiscent of the frontier.</p><br>
<h2>Park Service infrastructure</h2><br>
<h3>Early development</h3><br>
<p>Grand Teton National Park was designated in 1929 to encompass only the Teton Range and a narrow strip of land at the foot of the mountains including Jenny Lake and several smaller lakes. Nearly all of Jackson Hole was excluded from the park in the face of opposition from ranching interests. At the same time, the Rockefeller family, using the shield of the Snake River Land Company, began to buy lands in the valley for preservation and eventual donation to an expanded park. The SRLC lands were added to Jackson Hole National Monument in 1949, and Grand Teton National Park absorbed the monument lands in 1950.</p><br>
<p>During the 1930s the Park Service began to build visitor and administrative facilities in the original park lands. The park&#39;s first point of visitor contact was, for many years, at Jenny Lake. The Jenny Lake Ranger Station comprised purpose-built structures as well as structures moved to the site from elsewhere. Chief of these relocated structures were the former Lee Manges cabin, built about 1925 and moved to the site to become the ranger station, and the Crandall Photo Studio, built around 1925-26 and later moved to the site. In the 1930s the Park Service added rustic public toilet facilities, called "comfort stations." The White Grass Ranger Station was built to a standardized Park Service plan in 1930.</p><br>
<p>The park had already inherited a number of similar structures built by the USA Forest Service prior to the 1929 establishment of the park, including the Leigh Lake Ranger Patrol Cabin and the Lower Berry Creek Patrol Cabin in the northern reaches of the park.</p><br>
<p>As the Great Depression wore on, the Park Service received help from Civilian Conservation Corps labor, and a CCC camp was established at Jenny Lake. The CCC built the Cascade Canyon and Death Canyon barns, as well as the Moran Bay and Upper Granite Canyon patrol cabins. Despite their names, the barns were patrol cabins, built to standard Park Service designs from the Branch of Plans and Designs, and intentionally designed in the National Park Service Rustic style. The CCC built three comfort stations as well, including the String Lake Comfort Station, originally located at Jenny Lake.</p><br>
<p>The largest concentration of structures from this era comprise the Old Administrative Area Historic District at Beaver Creek. The park headquarters, superintendents residence, four employee residences and three warehouses were designed in Park Service Rustic style and built by the CCC between 1934 and 1939. The Moose Entrance Kiosk was built nearby, and has since been moved to Moose. Private development in the 1930s included the Jenny Lake Boat Concession Facilities, built by Charles Wort, who held a legacy concessioners permit originally issued by the Forest Service, and who built a boathouse on Jenny Lake. Wort&#39;s family went on to establish the Wort Hotel in Jackson and the Signal Mountain Lodge. Robert Reimer, who took over the Wort concession at Jenny Lake in 1935, added a personal residence to the Jenny Lake ensemble.</p><br>
<h3>Park expansion</h3><br>
<p>The expansion of the park into Jackson Hole brought a requirement for new facilities at the new park gateway at Moose. The Mission 66 program was conceived in 1955 to deal with the dramatic increase in visitation, particularly automobile-borne tourism, being experienced Park Service-wide. The Moose Visitor Center, a new administration building, and employee residences were built at Moose, just downstream from Menors Ferry, where a bridge crossed the Snake River. At about the same time the Colter Bay Village complex was developed on Jackson Lake in the northern part of the park, providing camping, lodging and marina services. The largest development of this era was the new Jackson Lake Lodge, a reinterpretation of the traditional Park Service lodge concept in a modern style by architect Gilbert Stanley Underwood. Underwood, who had designed the rustic Bryce Canyon and Grand Canyon lodges as well as Yosemites Ahwahnee Hotel, made a sharp break from the naturalistic rustic style, using concrete and steel and straight, sharp lines while he incorporated traditionally rustic colors and textures, framing a view of Mount Moran from the main lobby. The Jackson Lake Lodge was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Context</h2><br>
<p>The historical structures of Grand Teton National Park span a period of little more than a century. They share a common heritage of rustic design and construction, first from necessity, and later from a common desire on the part of dude ranch operators and the National Park Service to evoke the aesthetics of the Western frontier. Grand Teton is unusual in its extensive inventory of structures from the pre-park period, a legacy of its expansion into areas that had been previously settled.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Episcopal Church is an Episcopal church in Litchfield, Minnesota, United States, built in 1871 in Carpenter Gothic style. It has been attributed to the noted New York architect Richard Upjohn. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 for having local significance in the theme of architecture. It was nominated as a superlative example of Carpenter Gothic design from the mid-19th century.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>As originally constructed in 1871, Trinity Episcopal Church consisted of the nave and chancel, plus a transept and vestry on the north. Immediately to the east was a freestanding church hall used for the parish school. Both buildings were constructed at the same time, along with a rectory a block and a half to the west. The gap between the church and hall was later filled in, creating a single 120 ft structure. The three-story bell tower and south transept are also later additions.</p><br>
<p>The buildings board and batten walls were a signature of Episcopal churches from the 1850s to the 1870s. On the Trinity Episcopal Church, though, the exterior walls are highly embellished with wainscoting below a horizontal band at the height of the window sills. Directly below each window is a decorative panel of crossed boards. These elements are not found on the parish hall, indicating it was not designed by the same architect. The churchs lancet windows and door and side-entry bell tower are typical of Carpenter Gothic architecture.</p><br>
<p>The churchs original pine furnishings were replaced in the 1950s. However very similar furnishings can be seen in the contemporaneous St. Marks Episcopal Chapel near Annandale, Minnesota.</p><br>
<h2>Architect</h2><br>
<p>Historical documents do not record who the architect was for the church building. It is believed to have been designed by prominent architect Richard Upjohn of New York City, famous for his Gothic Revival churches. Upjohn had a plausible connection to the project, given that the construction funds were largely donated by Upjohns famous Trinity Church in Manhattan and he had designed the Brooklyn home of the family after whom Litchfield was named. The buildings grace and sophistication indicate that Trinity Episcopal Church was indeed one of Upjohns last works. Additionally, the original rectory resembles the architects own home in Garrison, New York, though perhaps coincidentally.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Trinity Episcopal Church is still an active parish in the Episcopal Diocese of Minnesota. As of 2021, the parish is served by several diocesan priests and a local priest-in-charge. The original rectory a short distance away has since become a private residence.</p><br>
<p>The Wilks Brooks House is a home in Memphis, Tennessee, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The house was built by Wilks Brooks and his fifteen-year-old son Joseph Brooks; construction started in October 1834 and ended in 1835.</p><br>
<p>The Wilks Brooks house is the oldest example of Greek Revival architecture in the Shelby County, Tennessee area. It is an L-shaped dwelling with two stories and has a central hallway, known as a dog-trot, with rooms to the left and right. Wood on the property, elm, poplar and cedar, was used to construct the home. Bricks and nails used were made on the property. The inside of the walls are made from plaster fortified with horsehair.</p><br>
<p>The home became the residence for Wilks Brooks&#39; family in 1836. It served as the center of a large plantation and was located on the Cherokee Trace, once the trail used by American Indians as a major trading route. Cotton grown on the plantation was taken to Memphis to be sold, first by mule-drawn wagons, and later shipped by the railroad after the completion of the Memphis and Charleston Railroad in 1853.</p><br>
<p>The home was occupied by members of Brooks&#39; family until 1898. During the American Civil War, the home served as a hospital for Confederate soldiers, and later the Union troops of the 7th Regiment Kansas Volunteer Cavalry used the home as headquarters and camped on the grounds. They used miles of fencing for firewood and killed hogs and cattle to feed the troops.</p><br>
<p>In 1898, Agnes Nelson Brooks died, and the home was no longer occupied by family members. It sat empty for years until in 1973, descendants of Wilks Brooks moved the home to another location on the property and began reconstruction. Reconstruction was completed in 2002 and the home has been occupied by tenants since then. It is currently under private ownership.</p><br>
<p>The Potomac Boat Club is a rowing club on the Potomac River in Washington, DC. It was established in, originally as the Potomac Barge Club. The club provides a rowing hub for around 300 senior members, ranging in ability from recreational rowers to professional athletes.</p><br>
<p>The boat club hosts both private members, as well serving as a base for the Washington-Liberty High School crew team.</p><br>
<h2>Boathouse</h2><br>
<p>The club’s current building, a two-story, wooden, craftsman style structure completed in 1908, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991</p><br>
<p>The facade of the club faces the Potomac River. The rear elevation faces K Street, which terminates at the Club. The first floor of the building is used for boat and oar storage. The second floor of the original building is broken into a ballroom, board room, and locker rooms. The second floor of the addition is used for additional locker rooms and a shop. The building was rehabilitated by Williams & Dynerman in 1989.</p><br>
<p>Adjacent to the boathouse, the remaining abutment of the demolished Aqueduct Bridge provides shelter for rowing shells belonging to members of the club.</p><br>
<h2>Notable club coaches and rowers</h2><br>
<p>The history of the club is linked with a number of high profile coaches and athletes who have made significant contributions to the sport of competitive rowing. Charles E. Courtney served as club coach between 1881 and 1885, a controversial professional athlete, but later coach of the Cornell University’s men’s crew team that dominated the early years of competitive rowing in the Intercollegiate Rowing Association. Many decades later, Charlie Butt, head coach of the storied Washington-Liberty High School crew team was instrumental in promoting rowing as a school sport. The Charlie Butt Scullers’ Head of the Potomac Regatta continues to be held annually on the Potomac River for scholastic crews.</p><br>
<p>Potomac Boat Club members Larry Hough and Tony Johnson, won the silver medal in coxless pairs at the 1968 Olympics.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Episcopal Church is a historic church building in Stockton, Minnesota, United States, constructed in 1859. It is now the Grace Evangelical Lutheran Church and was enlarged with a new wing in 1971. The original section was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 for having local significance in the themes of architecture and exploration/settlement. It was nominated for its well-preserved Carpenter Gothic architecture and shared importance to a community established by American-born settlers but later dominated by German immigrants.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The original wing has been called a "sophisticated example of a Carpenter Gothic church with spire." The building&#39;s lancet windows and door are typical of Carpenter Gothic architecture, while its center entry bell tower is atypical.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first settlers arrived in the vicinity of Stockton around 1855. Mostly White Anglo-Saxon Protestants from the East Coast of the United States, they formed an Episcopal parish in 1858 and built the Trinity Episcopal Church the following year. By the end of the 1860s, however, an influx of German immigrants had altered the ethnic composition of Stockton. The church struggled to accommodate a bilingual congregation, and discontinued regular services in 1872. Stockton&#39;s new German majority formed a Lutheran congregation in 1891 and obtained the church building the following year.</p><br>
<p>In 1924 the church was moved a short distance southeast onto a new foundation that had been constructed there with a full basement. At the same time a chancel with stained glass was added. A renovation greatly altered the church&#39;s interior in 1956, but did not compromise the historical integrity of the exterior. In 1971 a new wing using a style sympathetic to the original was added to the west.</p><br>
